1. Chapter1 Introduction to Computers

2. What are computers?
Computers are electronic devices that can follow instructions to accept input, process the input and then produce information. It is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.

3. Look inside the computer
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE

4. Computers are made of
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE

5. Hardware
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6. Hardware The parts of computer itself (tangible objects ) including :
CPU (or Processor) and Primary memory (or Main Memory)
Input devices i.e the keyboard and mouse
Output devices
Storage devices

7. The Case (System Unit or System Cabinet)
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8. Hardware
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Input units
Output units
Memory (Main or Primary Memory & Secondary or Auxiliary Memory)

9. Components of a Computer System
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Data
control unit (CU)
Memory
Arithmetic
logic
Unit (ALU)
output
units
RAM
Input
units
ROM
Auxiliary
Memory
Information/Knowledge

10. Hardware Organization
Input Devices ...
CPU
memory
motherboard
hard drive
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11. Input Devices
Translate data from form that humans understand to one that the computer can work with
Most common are keyboard and mouse
Selector Buttons

12. Examples of Input Devices
1. Keyboard (QWERTY keyboard, ATMs keyboard)
ATM: automatic teller machine
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Pre-storage Devise
5. Optical mark recognition (Light Pin , Bar code scanners)
6. Microphone
7. Joystick .

13. Examples of Input Devices(2)
8. Point and Draw devices
9. Trackball
10. Touchpad
11. Touch screen
12. Magnetic stripes and smart cars.
13. Digital Cameras

15. Hardware Organization
CPU
memory
hard drive
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16. Mother-Board (or Main Board)
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CPU
RAM
ROM

17. Hardware Organization
CPU
memory
motherboard
hard drive
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18. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A specific chip or the processor
a CPU's performance is determined by the rest of the computers circuitry and chips.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) performs the actual processing of data
The speed (clock speed) of CPU measured by Hertz (MHz)

19. The CPU consists of : Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
Some Registers

20. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
This is CPU Only:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU)
Registers

21. coordinates all activities of the computer by:
The Control Unit (CU) :
coordinates all activities of the computer by:
Determining which operations to perform and in what order to carry them out.
The CU transmits coordinating control signals to other computer components.

22. consists of electronic circuitry to perform:
The ALU :
consists of electronic circuitry to perform:
Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)
Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and to make some comparisons (less-than, equal, … etc.)

23. Hardware Organization
CPU
memory
motherboard
hard drive
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24. Primary Memory
Memory (fast, expensive, short-term memory): Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data, programs, and intermediate results.
Two general parts:
RAM
ROM

25. RAM (Main Memory) its a primary storage or random access memory (RAM).
it temporarily holds data and programs for use during processing (volatile)
Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
RAM is the memory that the computer uses to temporarily store the information as it is being processed. The more information being processed the more RAM the computer needs.
RAM consists of locations or cells. Each cell has a unique address which distinguishes it from other cells.

26. Main Memory
Address
Memory locations 1 2 3 n
Memory Cell

27. Main Memory

28. ROM: Read Only Memory ROM is part of memory
Programmed at manufacturing time
Its contents cannot be changed by users
It is a permanent store
Q: Mention some examples of ROM?
A: (PROM & EPROM )

29. Other Kind of Memory PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory.
EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Cache Memory
Registers: not part of the main memory.
Q : Registers are part of “ …… ” ?

30. Secondary Storage
Stores data and programs permanently: its retained after the power is turned off
Examples
Hard Drive (Hard Disk)
Located outside the CPU, but most often contained in the system cabinet
Floppy Disk
Optical Laser Discs
CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD

31. Kinds of Disk Drives

32. Common Secondary Media
Diskettes
Data represented as magnetic spots on removable flexible plastic disks
Most common size is 3 1/2 inches, in a rigid plastic case
Disk drive holds the diskette, reads or retrieves the data and writes or stores data

33. Common Secondary Media
Hard drive
Data is represented magnetically as with diskettes
Normally more than one rigid platter in a sealed unit
These disks are not removable
Significantly more capacity and faster operating than diskettes

34. Common Secondary Media
Hard drive

35. Hardware Organization
CPU
memory
motherboard
hard drive
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36. Common Secondary Media
Optical Laser Discs
CD ROM & DVD’s
Data is represented as pits and lands
Some kinds are read only (CD-ROM) and some Kinds are rewritable (CD-RW)
Significantly more capacity and faster operating than diskettes
DVD: Digital Video Disk

37. Approximate printed 8.5 x 11 inch pages
Common Secondary Media
Approximate printed 8.5 x 11 inch pages
Amount of storage
Disk size
180 pages
360 Kb
5.25 low density
360 pages
720 Kb
3.5 low density
600 pages
1.2 Mb
5.25 high density
720 pages
1.44 Mb
3.5 high density
a small library
700 MB CD
a feature length movie
8.5 GB
DVD

38. Common Secondary Media
tapes
Panasonic's LS inch diskettes
Iomega's Zip & Jazz disks
VCR tape (Video Cassette Recorder )
Flash USB disks
MMC (Multi Media Card ) SD

39. The benefits of secondary storage can be summarized as follows:
Capacity. Organizations may store the equivalent of a roomful of data on sets of disks that take up less space
Reliability. Data in secondary storage is basically safe, since secondary storage is physically reliable.

40. Convenience. With the help of a computer, authorized people can locate and access data quickly.
Cost. It is less expensive to store data on tape or disk (the principal means of secondary storage) than to buy and house filing cabinets.

41. Hardware Organization
CPU
memory
hard drive
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Output …

42. CPU
Output Devices
Pieces of equipment that translate the processed information from the CPU into a form that humans can understand.
Processed
information

43. Output Devices Monitors Printers
Dot matrix printers
Ink jet printers
Laser printers
Sound Blasters (Sound Card By Creative Lab)
Controlling other devices

44. Software The instructions that tell the computer what to do
Application Software - helps end-users perform general purpose tasks
System Software - enables application software to interact with the computer

45. System Software System Software Operating System The most important
is the
Operating System
Examples of operating systems:
Windows XP, DOS, Apple, UNIX

46. System Software
The software that controls everything that happens in a computer.
Background software, manages the computer’s internal resources
Resources examples : CPU, RAM , I/O devices, …

47. Among other things, the operating system:
All hardware and software are under the control of the operating system.
Among other things, the operating system:
Determines how valuable RAM is allotted to programs.
Performs tasks related to file management.
Sets priorities for handling tasks.
Manages the flow of instructions, data and information to and from the processor (CPU).

48. Examples of Microcomputer Operating System Software
DOS - original standard for IBM compatibles
Windows - a graphical operating environment
Windows VISTA, XP, millennium, 2000, 98, and 95
Continue …

49. Examples of Microcomputer Operating System Software Cont.
Windows NT - for powerful workstations & networks
OS/2 - competitor to Windows 2000
Macintosh Operating System
Unix - originally for minicomputers, now used on microcomputers and Internet servers
Question: List some examples of operating systems ?

50. Application Software Packaged Custom
Packaged - “off the shelf”, pre-written programs ( General purpose)
Custom - written for an organization’s specific purpose (Special purpose)

51. Application Software – Basic Tools
Word processors– example: Microsoft word
Spreadsheets-- example: Microsoft Excel
Database managers-- example: Microsoft Access
Graphics-- example: Photoshop
Spreadsheets: Computer software that allows the user to enter columns and rows of numbers in a accounting book like format.

52. Units of Measurements Bit (Binary Digit)(takes two values: 1 or 0)
Byte = 8 bits
KB (Kilo-byte) = 1024 bytes
MB (mega-byte) = 1024 KB
GB (giga-byte) = 1024 MB
TB (Tera-byte) = 1024 GB
Remark: 1024=210

53. Four Kinds of Computers
Microcomputers
2. Minicomputers
3. Mainframe computers
4. Supercomputers

54. Comparison between the previous kinds of computers may made based on :
Price
Processing Speed
Storage Capacity
Powerful
Single-user or Multi-user
Supporting hundreds (or thousands) of users simultaneously
Computer Size
Companies size
…etc.

55. Microcomputer =>Personal Computer => PC
There are 3 types of the Microcomputers :
Laptop
Desktop
Workstation

56. Personal Computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.
Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has :
a more powerful microprocessor and,
in general, a higher-quality monitor.

57. Minicomputer, Mainframe, and Supercomputer
Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously.
Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

58. Desktop Computer Small enough for a desktop, but not easily portable
Personal computers (PC’s) run general purpose software and are employed by a wide spectrum of users

59. Desktop Computers Cont.
Workstations are powerful machines, running more advanced software, for technical, scientific, or data-intensive tasks
These distinctions, however, are blurring

60. Portable Computers
Easily transported from one place to another

61. Portable Computers Four categories Laptops Notebooks Sub-notebooks
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Q: list all portable computer categories?

62. PDA

64. Minicomputers Desk-sized
More processing speed and storage capacity than microcomputers
General data processing needs at small companies
Larger companies use them for specific purposes

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66. Mainframe Computers
Larger machines with special wiring and environmental controls
Faster processing and greater storage than minicomputers
Typical machine in large organizations

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68. Supercomputers The most powerful of the four categories
Used by very large organizations, particularly for very math-intensive types of tasks

69. Supercomputers

70. Characteristics of Computers
1- Store a large amount of data and information for a long period of time.
2- process data and information in high accuracy level .
3- Speed in processing data information.
4- Sharing of information / network.

71. Understanding the difference between Data, Information and Knowledge:
Computer
Data
Information
Knowledge

72. Data: is the name given to basic facts such as names and numbers.
Information: is data that has been converted into a more useful or intelligible form.
Knowledge: arrangement of information and classifying information of the same type or the same topic.

73. Data
Data: are details of various types of transactions and details relating to specific situations, which are input to a data processing system (e.g. computer) for processing in a prescribed way.
Examples of data relating to students are student-number, student-name and grades.

74. e. g.
(data) | | sort \ / (information)

75. Data
Document files
Worksheet files
Database files

76. Information Information: the result of processing data. Information:
Must serve a useful purpose
Must be of an acceptable level of accuracy
Must be available at the right time
Must be relevant to the enterprise, person, … etc.

77. Knowledge
Putting a number of information with the same type or same topic would be a knowledge.

78. Processing data produces information, and processing information produces knowledge.

79. Computer Viruses

80. Computer Viruses
A computer virus are small software programs that are designed to spread from one computer to another and to interfere with computer operation.
A virus might corrupt or delete data on your computer, use your program to spread itself to other computers, or even erase everything on your hard disk.

81. Examples of Viruses Win32/Conficker INF/Autorun Win32/PSW.OnLineGames
n32/Agent

82. Viruses and Virus Protection
A virus program
Infects programs, documents, databases and more …
It is man-made
It can hide and reproduce
It can lay dormant (inactive) and then activate
Anti-virus programs can help

83. Types of Computer Viruses
Macro Viruses
A macro virus, often scripted into common application programs such as Word or Excel, is spread by infecting documents.
Network Viruses
rapidly spreads through a Local Network Area (LAN), and sometimes throughout the internet.
•Trojan Horses
The Trojan virus once on your computer, doesn't reproduce, but instead makes your computer susceptible to malicious intruders by allowing them to access and read your files. Making this type of virus extremely dangerous to your computer's security and your personal privacy.

84. Types of Computer Viruses
Logic Bombs
a piece of code that are inputted into a software system. When a certain and specific condition is met, such as clicking on an internet browser or opening a particular file, the logic bomb virus is set off.
Companion Viruses
takes advantage of MS-DOS. This virus creates a new file with typically the .COM extensions, but sometimes the .EXD extension as well.

85. Types of Computer Viruses
Boot Sector Viruses
generally hide in the boot sector, either in the bootable disk or the hard drive. Unlike most viruses, this virus does not harm the files in the hard disk, but harm the hard disk itself.
Multipartite Viruses
spreaded through infected media and usually hides in the memory. Gradually, the virus moves to the boot sector of the hard drive and infects executable files on the hard drive and later across the computer system.

86. Sources of Computer Viruses
Three primary sources
The Internet
Via downloads and exchanges
Diskettes
Exchanging disks
Computer networks
Can spread from one network to another

87. How do you know if you have a virus?
Lack of storage capability
Decrease in the speed of executing programs
Unexpected error messages
Halting the system

88. Virus Protection
The software package distributed with new PCs always includes an antiviral program. The best way to cope with viruses is to recognize their existence and use an antiviral, or antivirus program.

89. Some tips that will help minimize your vulnerability to viruses:
Delete s from unknown or suspicious, untrustworthy (unreliable) sources, especially those with files attached to an .
Never open a file attached to an unless you know what it is, even if it appears to come from a friend.
Download files from the Internet only from legitimate and reputable sources.
Update your antivirus software at least every two weeks as over 200 viruses are discovered each month.
Backup your files periodically
Traditionally virus protection has been at the PC or client level. However, this may change as companies look to network and Internet service providers for more services.