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Plant Propagation Seeds
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SLM and KUD Unit Essential Question: How are plants propagated? Lesson Essential Question: What medium is used to propagate seedlings?
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SEEDS Break into 3 groups Draw a picture to represent what the cards are trying to explain NO WORDS 20 minutes
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Greenhouse Log Every time in greenhouse, record & hand in for grade
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Propagation Propagating= reproducing Most popular method: seeds Sexual process, requires union of pollen and egg From same parent (self-pollination) or separate (cross-pollination
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Propagation Hybrid- offspring of two cultivars of one plant, each has certain characteristics desired in new plant Do not plant seeds of hybrid
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Proper environment & conditions
Seeds Quick and easy Proper environment & conditions Temperature, moisture, light & medium
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Treatment for Germination
Hard seed coat, soaked or scratched before able to germinate Some require cold rest period below 37*F for 8 wks plus Some must have alternate wet & dry
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Treatment for Germination
Some must have light Some must have dark Follow directions on pack
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Basic Parts Seed Coat- covering of seed, protects embryonic plant Endosperm- food storage tissue that nourishes during germination Embryo- new plant that developed.
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Basic Parts
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Choosing Seeds Choose locally grown Choose tested for that growing season Purchase from reliable dealer Hybrid varieties Heavyweight or primed seeds
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Choosing Seeds Primed or enhanced to:
Activate growth hormones & enzymes Less chance for insects & disease
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Medium Ideal: good pH, nutrients, porous, uniform in texture, sterile
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Types of Medium Soil: loam composed of 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, 25 % air, 25% water
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Types of Medium
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Types of Medium Construction grade sand: more porous Does not hold nutrients
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Types of Medium
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Types of Medium Peat moss: partially decomposed vegetation preserved under water. High capacity to hold water. 1% nitrogen, low in phosphorus & potassium
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Types of Medium
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Types of Medium Horticultural Grade Perlite: gray- white material of volcanic origin. Expands when heated. Provide good drainage & aeration
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Types of Medium
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Types of Medium Vermiculite: light-weight , has pH of 7, high water holding capacity
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Types of Medium
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Types of Medium Jiffy mix: equal parts of shredded sphagnum moss, peat, terrlite vermiculite, & nutrients to sustain initial plant growth
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Types of Medium
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Medium Usually mix of 1 or more of the previous
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Testing Medium Create a mix that you think would work good for a seedling. Plant seeds (5) and test it to see what works. Compare with others after 4 weeks.
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Exit Question Answer the leq: What medium is used to propagate seedlings?
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Plant Propagation Types of Seeding
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Warm-up Why is the germinating medium important?
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LEQ How do we plant a seed?
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Indirect seeding Process in which seed is sown in a place separate from where the plants will eventually grow Transplanting happens 1 or 2 more times
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Indirect seeding Flats: made of plastic, size determined by # of seeds to grow Medium placed in & leveled off ½ to ¾ inch below top of flat Plant seeds in rows
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Indirect seeding Individual cells in cavity seedling trays Flats made up of many small pots 1-2 seeds per cell, later thinned Transplant with less damage
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When to seed Seeds must be planted on certain dates so the seedlings are ready for transplanting at the proper time
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Seed to market chart Using the popular bedding plants we will plant, create a chart to display date planted by to be ready for market sale. 30 minutes
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Sowing Seeds To plant How to sow? ALWAYS BE SURE TO PLACE A LABEL WITH YOUR NAME & PLANT NAME!!!!
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Watering Water lightly with watering cans Be careful not to wash out seeds Water from bottom when possible
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Conditions for Germination
Semi shaded area of greenhouse Receive bottom heat Cover with plastic No fertilizer until true leaves have developed
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Transplanting When true leaves have formed, ready to be transplanted Page 73 & 74 transplanting procedure My procedure
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Direct Seeding Seeds planted in permanent growing area What plants?
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Direct Seeding Corn, melons, beans, beets, peas, lettuce, carrots & other veggies
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Activity Using your chart that you created, what seeds should be planted first? Each student will plant this correctly as taught in this lesson Show me before completing
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Review How do we plant a seed?
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Plant Propagation Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
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Warm-up Explain the steps in transplanting.
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LEQ How do we propagate a softwood & semihardwood cutting?
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Asexual reproduction To produce clones of plants that do not produce seeds & are difficult to grow from seeds
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Cuttings Leaves or pieces of stems or roots used for propagating a plant Various kinds Require same conditions to grow as seedlings with added light
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Cuttings Root formation simulated because of interruption of carbohydrates, hormones & other materials from leaves & growing tips Rooting hormones used to aid in root formation
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Taken after current season’s growth has partially matured Wood should be bendy Active terminal growth
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Find parent 2-6 inches of new growth Make sure plant full of water Cut in morning (most moisture) Immediately place in bucket of water
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on them Leaves help keep cutting right side up Cut at 45* angle on bottom, straight at top
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Made when leaves on them Leaves help keep cutting right side up Cut at 45* angle on bottom, straight at top Take back to table
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Flat, pot or container 4 inches deep with holes in bottom Sterile medium ½ perlite & ½ sphagnum moss Medium varies Soak medium night before
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Make 3-4 inch cutting from stem or shoot Very sharp knife/pruning shears Include 2-3 buds on each cutting Treat with proper concentration of rooting hormone (fungicide included)
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Cutting immediately placed in rooting medium to ½ its length, no more then 2 inches deep LABEL CUTTING!!
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Keep humidity very high (Transpiration) Plastic bag to control No direct sunlight Tug gently after time to see if rooting begun, leave for 7-10 more days if not
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Softwood & Semihardwood Cuttings
Hardening off- prepare for transplanting Open plastic a little each day When completely open, water as normal, fertilizer at 1/4th strength Ready to be transplanted after 14 days
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Herbaceous Cuttings Made from succulent greenhouse plants – geranium, chrysanthemum, coleus, carnation, swedish ivy, wandering jew, begonia Cuttings 3-6 inches long w/leaves on upper to terminal end Same conditions as previous w/bottom heat added
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Choose a plant to propagate: Wandering Jew Jade Plant Begonia
Lets Practice!! Choose a plant to propagate: Wandering Jew Jade Plant Begonia Demonstrate proper techniques, be sure to label!!
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How do we propagate a softwood & semihardwood cutting?
Exit Question How do we propagate a softwood & semihardwood cutting?
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Plant Propagation Micropropagation
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Do you think it is easier to make a cutting or to plant a seed? Why?
Warm-up Do you think it is easier to make a cutting or to plant a seed? Why?
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What is micropropagation and how can we do it successfully?
LEQ What is micropropagation and how can we do it successfully?
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Micropropagation Tissue culture Asexual method using sterilized terminal shoots or lead buds placed on sterile agar gel or other nutrient growing medium Buds or stem tips placed in jar
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Micropropagation Tiny sprouts start, pulled off with sterile tweezers, placed in new medium in another container to grow roots Harden off as roots develop Many thousand plants exactly like parent
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Micropropagation Used for orchids Only used for professionals
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Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Leaf Cuttings African Violet cut base of leaf stem, place in rooting medium Pg 87 figure 7-16
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Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Leaf-Bud Cutting Cut from stem with bud, remove wooden shield of stem, cutting placed in rooting medium with bud in soil Pg 87 figure 7-17
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Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Mallet Cutting 2-4 inch piece of 2 year old wood with current season or 1 year old shoot on it Mallet placed horizontally & covered 1 inch with rooting medium
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Other types of Softwood Cuttings
Root Cuttings Any plant that will sprout from root Place root in container, water well, place clear glass/plastic over Page 88 figure 7-19
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Activity Root spider plant in Greenhouse
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Plant Propagation Hardwood Cuttings
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Warm-up What is important to remember about tissue cultures?
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Lesson Essential Question
How do we propagate hardwood cuttings?
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Hardwood Cuttings Easiest & least expensive of asexual propagation Prepared in winter Can be shipped long No expensive equipment or storage facility needed
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Hardwood V. Softwood/semihardwood
Time of year Hardness (maturity) Absence of leaves Storage
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Hardwood Cuttings 6 steps Pg 92 procedure
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Selecting Hardwood Cuttings
From current years growth Cut from ends of branches or long shoots from base Collected once dormant Taken all winter
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Collecting Hardwood Cuttings
Use sharp knife or hand pruner Label 6-8 inch cuttings for immediate use or stored in cool moist place Cover with sawdust, sand or peat moss to maintain moisture Not too wet or dry
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Taking Hardwood Cuttings
Bottom cut just above a node & top about 1 inch above a node or bud Bottom cut 45* angle & top 90*
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Storing Hardwood Cuttings
Treated with rooting hormone for better growth Tied in bundles for storage Stored for 6-8 weeks before planting Allows callus to form- root quicker
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Storing Hardwood Cuttings
May be buried in sand containers Low enough temp to prevent growth at top First 4 weeks * Lowered to 40* after
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Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Planted outside soon as soil ready in spring (lining out) Prepare soil Place cutting in soil and firmly surround with soil, careful not to put too much pressure on
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Lining out Hardwood Cuttings
Mulch to retain moisture Watch growth to make sure roots have formed No extensive care
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Activity Propagate 3 hardwood stems Crape Myrtle Forsynthia Dogwood
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Plant Propagation Separation & Division
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Warm-up What is different between hardwood and softwood propagation?
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Lesson Essential Question
How can we effectively propagate using separation and division?
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Separation Method of propagation in which naturally reproductive organs of a plant detach from the parent plant to become new plants Usually removed during dormant stage
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Separation Bulbs & corms Responisble for food storage & propagation of plant Natural process
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Bulbs Plant structure containing many parts but primarily composed of leaf scales Outside of foliage leaves are bulblets – produce tiny bulbs that grow into bigger bulbs, separated & planted
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Bulbs Splits or slabs –first separated 1 year- round bulb 2 year- second flower bud- double nose- 2 flower stalks Round & double nose sold commercially
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Types of Bulbs No special care or handling- tulip bulb- laminate or tunicate, dry membranous outer scales Lily- loosely scaled, cannot withstand handling- nontunicate or scaly, no tough outer cover
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Bulbs- Propagation Procedure
Dug & separated after foliage dies back & plant dormant , stored & planted at correct time Washed & cleaned before storage EX: narcissus, hyacinth, grape hyacinth, tulip
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Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Much slower rate Mother bulbs split at base to force production of bulblets Flowering bulbs pulled from ground in late August-mid September, kept moist by sprinkling with water
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Bulbs- Lily Propagation
Mid-October, placed 4 inches deep & planted 1 inch apart Moved again in September, planted 6 inches deep & apart Then sold as flowering bulbs Should be 7 inches in circumference
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Corms Very solid, compact stem with nodes & internodes Very short specialized stem for food storage Covering that protects from injury & drying
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Corms- Propagation Development of cormels is means of reproducing Form naturally When dies back, dug up & small cormels separated & grown to larger size
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Propagation by division
Method of propagation in which parts of the plant are cut into new sections, each will develop a new plant Use knife or pruners
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Rhizomes Underground stems that grow horizontally and produce roots on the bottom & stems on top
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Rhizomes- Propagation
Removed by digging underneath with a garden fork or shovel Soil washed off Cut rhizome into sections- make sure each has one eye (bud)
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Tubers Swollen end of an underground side shoot or stem Distinguished by eyes- produces separate plant as sprouts, developing a shoot with roots at base Contains stored food for plant until leaves form
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Tubers EX: Irish Potato To propagate: Cut tubers into pieces, each must contain one eye Planted same as seeds
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Tuberous Roots Thickened roots that contain large amounts of stored food Have buds at stem end
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Tuberous Roots- Propagation
Dividing crown, or cluster of roots, when plant is dormant Dug in fall after frost killed top, stored in dry sawdust, peat at * to prevent shriveling or complete drying out
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Tuberous Roots- Propagation
In spring, clumps or crowms are cut apart so each has a bud New pieces planted EX: Sweet potato Adventitious buds- sporadic & unexpected places, pulled off & planted
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Activity Plant bulbs correctly Correctly separate a plant
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Plant Propagation Grafting
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Warm-up Why is it important to know about bulbs?
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Lesson Essential Question
How do we propagate using grafting?
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Grafting Two different plants are united to become one Scion- newly installed shoot or top of plant Rootstock- seedling or plant used as bottom half of the graft
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Grafting Growing together of tissues Used to rapidly increase # of a plant & give stronger, disease- resistant roots Two plants must be compatible
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Grafting Used to: Topwork a large tree Insert a different variety on part of the limbs of a tree for cross pollination To propagate plants that may be difficult to bud
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Grafting Requirements
Compatibility- must be related to one another, stock & scion grow together Know what families grow best together
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Grafting Requirements
Scion wood- 1 year old & vigorous growth Timing- don’t when stock & scion are dormant Matching of tissues- cambium layer, scion & rootstock must have close contact & held tightly together
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Grafting Requirements
Waterproofing- all cut surfaces must be covered with grafting wax, plastic or rubber ties
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Whip or Tongue Graft During winter months Small material Fruit trees Scion should contain 3 buds Root piece 4-8 inches & small fibrous roots
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Whip or Tongue Graft Grafting cut made below bud on stock, slant at angle, smooth surface Cut on rootstock should be same= even fit Cambium must match growing area at edge of root piece
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Whip or Tongue Graft Second cut made on first cut surface in reverse direction, 1/3 of distance from tip & nearly parrallel to first cut Half as long as first cut Pieces slipped together w/tongues interlocking
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Whip or Tongue Graft Pieces tightly tied together with plastic propagation tape or rubber bud ties Stored in moist sand or peat moss to heal * After *
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Whip or Tongue Graft Then planted in nursery, graft union must be below ground
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Side Veneer Graft Effective way to graft evergreens Colorado Spruce grafted w/ blue spruce to obtain shade of blue
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Side Veneer Procedure Pencil size Made in early spring Shallow cut made 1 ½ in long made into one side of seedling rootstock Second cut made to remove piece of wood
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Side Veneer Procedure Two cuts made on scion to shape it so it fits cut made in rootstock. Scion inserted into rootstock. Cambium layers must match at least one side Scion tied tightly in place mulch
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Cleft Graft Used in topworking trees (grafting to rootstock considerably larger than scion
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Cleft Graft Procedure Rootstock sawed off at right angle Rootstock split with heavy knife & hammer Split help open with wedge Scion cut in a long, smooth wedge shape
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Cleft Graft Procedure Scions placed in rootstock, must make close contact with rootstock for entire distance, must be cut at same slant as the split in the rootstock Cambium of both must match
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Stenting Roses Grafting selected scion of desired plant onto a piece of stem that produces good roots
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Stenting Grafted stems then placed in rooting chamber for healing & roots to form Treated exactly as a semihardwood cutting
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Activity Grafting Video
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Plant Propagation Budding
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Warm-up What are the 3 types of grafting?
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Lesson Essential Question
What is the process of budding propagation?
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Budding Form of grafting Single bud used instead of scion Many more plants reproduced from same amount of parent wood More quickly Time- during active growth
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Budding Steps Plant seeds for seedling rootstock Select variety of budwood to be propagated Determine correct date to bud Cut budwood, label it, & protect it so does not dry out
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Budding Steps Perform budding process Check to see if buds taken Cut off rootstock above bud the following spring
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T-Budding Small 1-2 yr old seedlings Actively growing, disease resistant, & able to give desired growth Scion & rootstock must be compatible
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Collecting Budwood Bud sticks, small shoots of current seasons growth, collected on same day to be inserted Kept wrapped in waterproof paper Vegetative buds necessary for propagation Cut all leaves except 1 for handling
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Rootstock Developed for 1 yr, good size Make t-shaped cut to determine if seedling is receptive, if bark separates from wood of stem & is moist and smooth
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Cutting & Inserting Bud
Obtain materials 1 person makes cut & inserts bud while other person ties securely T-shaped cut made in the rootstock, corners of bark lifted for easy insert Bud cut from bud stick middle portion with shield of back & sliver of wood
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Cutting & Inserting Bud
Bud immediately inserted in the T cut until bud shield even w/ top fo T-cut Tie area with bud tie Entire area covered, only bud itself exposed Inspection in 3 weeks, transplanted in 1-2 yrs
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Cutting & Inserting Bud
Page in book
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Chip Budding Used for grapes Done when rootstock not in active growth
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Chip Budding Procedure
Pg 117 45* cut made in rootstock ¼ of way thru stem Second cut made 1 ½ in above first cut, extending down to meet first Chip produced removed
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Chip Budding Procedure
Bud to be inserted cut from bud stick exactly as chip removed bud is inserted in rootstock & tied with bud tie
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Chip Budding Care Cut rootstock off just above bud days for spring budding Fall budding, cut rootstock just above bud the following spring, as growth starts
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Activity Cgh
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Plant Propagation Layering
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Warm-up How do the 2 types of budding differ?
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Lesson Essential Question
How do we layer to propagate?
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Layering Asexual propagation, roots are formed on a stem or root while still attached to the parent plant Stem or root to be rooted is called a layer Layer is cut free from parent only after rooting
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Advantages & Disadvantages
Simple but time consuming Few plants started Very high success rate Some plants naturally do this….strawberries, red raspberries, & African Violets
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Simple Layering Branch from parent bent to ground, partially covered w/ soil. Terminal end exposed Early spring Water liberally Create a visual organizer to represent the steps in layering page 123
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Air Layering Process that eliminated the burrying part of the parent plant Part of plant is slit or girdled (girdle- completely remove bark & cambium around plant) Surrounded by moist growing medium
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Air Layering Roots form where plant has been wounded Generally made in spring on wood of previous year Create a visual organizer to represent air layering page
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Other methods of layering
Trench layering- mother plant bent to ground & burried in trench, roots form on covered portion of plant, shoots can be separated
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Other methods of layering
Stool Layering- begins with planting of rooted layer in soil, parent plant cut back to soil level, stem covered with soil, as shoots grow, more soil is added. Shoots cut & planted in early spring
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Other methods of layering
Compound Layering- springtime, very similar to simple layering, except stem covered by soil at 2 or more points along length. Stem girdled at point below ground where new roots will form Several plants produced from single stem
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Activity Layering on plant
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Review Review for test
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