1. What are the functions of the skeletal system? 10/14
What does bone do in our bodies?
What are the classes of bone?
Where is blood produced?
What structural arrangements occur inside bone?
What are the structural arrangements of “flat” bone?
What are the structural arrangements of “long” bone?
Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast activity: How is this a struggle for strength and density vs light weight and weakness?
What are three ways to create bone within a human?

2. Why do we need bones? Bones provide the following: Support-
Protection-
pH/Electolyte Balance-
Hemopoeisis-
Detoxification-
Bones are formed via:
Intramembranous Ossification-
Endochondral Ossification-
Bone consist of:
-Collagen as a structural frame work
Problem: weak bone and osteogenesis imperfecta
-Hydroxyapatite: Calcium phosphate + Calcium carbonate
Problem: vitamin D deficiency, ricketts and soft bones

3. Bones differ with respect to shape and length
Bones differ with respect to shape and length! There are four classes based on shape/length:

4. Two Types of Bone and
Marrow: Both reduce body
weight and muscle work!
Flat and “Spongy” Bones:
Red Marrow-
Blood formation-
Trabeculae-
Long and “Hollow” Bones:
Storage
Yellow marrow
Gelatinous marrow
Trabecular stress angle
The locations of hemopoeisis change with age! V.I.P.

5. How do we make bones very strong yet keep them light enough for us to stay mobile? _______+_____=strength
Compact Bone:
Osteon-
Lamellae-
Lacunae/Osteocyte-
Canaliculi-
Central Canal-
Volkman Canals-
Nutrient Foramen-
Bone stress stimulates osteoblast activity!
Why have a hollow core?

6. Flat Bone is a laminate of two layers of compact bone (no lamellae rings) with spongy bone (trabeculae) that forms a shock absorber
between the two layers (red marrow “reticular CT” is found here too!).

7. Long bone-compact bone has many osteons, a hollow medullary cavity, and trabeculae at the ends. Other features include the diaphysis (shaft), epiphyseal plate, and widened epiphyseal ends for articulation.

8. What are the parts of a long bone called? What do they do?
Epiphyseal Plate: (hyalin cartilage?) Growth is initiated here!
Spongy bone/Trabeculae:
Compact (Cortical) Bone:
Epiphysis vs. Diaphysis
End/Joint vs. Center/Shaft
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum vs. Endosteum
Nutrient Foramina/Foramen:

9. Bones differ with respect to the organization of their interior
Bones differ with respect to the organization of their interior. Bones can have many well organized or very few osteons and lamellae.

10. What cells inhabit bone and what do they do
What cells inhabit bone and what do they do? Which cells do we want to manipulate and why?
Classic fibroblast/migrating Fibroblast:
Osteogenic cells develop from fibroblasts and become osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblast  Mature Osteocyte in lacunae
Deposition of bone
Lacunae and cannaliculi:
Osteoclast  More often on surface of bone
Resoprtion of bone
Pits called Resorption Bays or “Howships Lacunae”
Bone Density (strength) is determined by a balance of the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which constantly work in opposition to each other.

11. What is the proper chemical content of bone?
Bone Matrix = Inorganic Contents + Organic Contents
Hydroxyapatite + Calcium Phosphate + Calcium Carbonate + Collagen:
Effects of pH on matrix?
How emphysema effect bone strength?
Fibroblasts and Collagen formation:
Why does Osteogenesis Imperfecta cause brittle bones?
Why does radiation toxicity occur?
Radium and Cadmium are both divalent cations that look like Ca++
Osteoblast activity is stimulated along lines of tension/stress in bone!
Why may astronauts break bones when they get back to earth?
Why do the bed ridden break bones when they leave the bed?

12. How is bone formed in our bodies?
You Looked Like This!
This is a twelve week old fetus.
Why is it dangerous for the bones to be “too” hard at birth?
Note the sharp demarcations at the ends of the femur (epiphyseal plates)
Note the spaces between the frontal, parietal and occipital bones (fontanels).

13. Ossification is the formation of bone
Ossification is the formation of bone. There are three methods to get this done.
Osteoblasts, fibroblasts and collagen are critical for making bone!
1) Endochondral Ossification: Hyalin Cartilage Epiphyseal Plate-
Plate Closure-
2) Intramembranous Ossification: Osteoid tissue Trabelulae-
Compact bone deposition-
3) Ectopic Ossification (soft tissue calculi): Usually pathological
May indicate hormonal imbalance Chronic Infection/irritation
Atherosclerosis

14. Epiphysis: end of bone Diaphysis: Shaft of bone Metaphysis: place where epiphysis and diaphysis converge Epiphyseal Plate: Place where bone elongation occurs, this plate disappears when bone growth (elongation) stops.

15. How are Long Bones formed. Endochondral Ossification
How are Long Bones formed? Endochondral Ossification! “Bone matrix is deposited into the former hyalin cartilage at the diaphyseal end of the epiphyseal plate (metaphysis). Blood vessels inside medullary cavity provide nutrients to red marrow that becomes yellow marrow with age.

17. Why would a fracture across an epiphyseal plate create problems for bone elongation during growth? Why is this not a problem in adults?