1. Systems diagrams

2. Positive Feedback
Feedback that enhances a change in the system and it is destabilized and pushed to a new equilibrium. This feedback may cause the process to speed up until the system collapses, resulting in a "vicious circle".

3. Example: Positive feedback in a bank account

5. Human population growth

6. Melting permafrost and global warming

7. You try!
Warmer global temperatures. Melt more ice and snow. The Earth’s albedo decreases. More energy from the sun is absorbed by the surface of the Earth.

8. Positive feedback Warmer global temperatures
Snow and glaciers melt
The Earth’s albedo decreases
More energy is absorbed by the surface of the Earth

9. Production, consumption and human population
You try!

10. Production, consumption and population

11. Climate Change..
Increase in the temperatures can cause more evaporation. Water is a greenhouse gas…

13. Negative Feedback
Feedback that tends to neutralize or counteract any deviation from equilibrium, returning the system to a stead-state equilibrium.

14. Negative feedback example

15. Another example: air conditioner

16. You try!
Increasing global temperatures. Increases evaporation of water. Increases formation of clouds. More light is reflected by the clouds. The temperature cools.

18. Negative feedback in ecosystems
Predator Prey relationships
Disease
Food supply

20. Complete the diagram with increase/decrease

21. Identify Transformations and transfers in the hydrological cycle below:

22. Which flows will increase from climate change?

24. Answer:

25. Complete this example
1. A small glacier receives an input of 20 units of ice in the form of snowfall each year. As the ice melts, 19 units are lost through run-off, and 2 units through evaporation.
(a) Draw a labeled flow diagram showing these processes and their relationships. [3]
(b) State what would happen to the glacier if these inputs and outputs were to remain constant for several years.

27. A simplified energy flow diagram for a tropical forest food chain is shown
Sketch a simplified energy flow diagram to show how energy flows in a named ecosystem

28. Local ecosystem energy flow
sunlight
Espino tree
Degu and other rodents eats the nuts
And so on…

29. Answers the questions about the diagram on the next slide
State, giving one reason, what kind of system feedback is illustrated by the descending spiral. [1]
(b) Discuss the meaning of the term sustainable development with reference to Figure 2. [2]
(c) Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the models shown in Figure 2.

31. Answers
(a) positive feedback because the effects of the problem make the problem worse; [1] (b) traditionally defined as development which meets the needs of the current generation without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs; but in this context it suggests development which has a positive role in enhancing the environment; and is dependent in some way on a healthy population; [2 max] (c) simple, easy to see the connections; shows clearly how actions in one area can have a knock on effect on the original Development; can distinguish between positive and negative actions and consequences; but far too simple, detail of what constitutes sustainable as opposed to inappropriate development is not clear; exact natures of the causal relationships are not explained; [2 max]

32. Soil degradation in Madagascar – make a model

33. Sample Madagaskar model
deforestation
Soil left to dry in sun unprotected
Erosion from wind and rain
Leacing of nutrients
Soil becomes degraded

34. Madagascar answers.. protective forest cover removed;
directly by logging/farming/mining/industry/settlement;
soil exposed to rain and easily washed away/eroded;
soil exposed to high temperatures and baked/dried out;
nutrients leached away;
soil loses fertility and can no longer support plants;
soil degraded and useless as a resource for humans; [4 max]
Award [3 max] if no climatic factors are mentioned, or the fact that soil is naturally poor.

35. Suggest how the differences in the size of comparable storages of the two ecosystems can be explained in terms of their different climates.

37. answer continued:

38. Which is in a steady state equilibrium? Why?

39. The temperate forest is in steady state equilibrium
The flows are all the same size.

40. Draw a labeled flow diagram showing the flows and storages of inorganic nitrogen that normally occur within soil. Show on your diagram how these flows provide a link between the storages of dead organic matter and biomass.

41. Answer:

42. The diagram below shows the energy flow in a river ecosystem in temperate latitudes. All energy values are kJ m−2 yr−1. The system is in steady state equilibrium, calculate the value of X.

43. X = kJ m-2 yr-1