1. Chapter Seven Patrol: The Backbone of Policing
Police in America
Chapter Seven
Patrol: The Backbone of Policing

2. Patrol: The Backbone of Policing

3. Patrol: The Backbone of Policing
Function of Patrol
Crime prevention
Maintain feelings of public safety
Available for service
Patrol: The Backbone of Policing

4. Patrol: Delivery of Police Services
Organization and Delivery of Patrol
Number of Officers
Distribution of Officers
Assignments
Location – Hot Spots
Patrol: Delivery of Police Services

5. Patrol: The Number of Officers
Police-Population Ratio
Large Departments – 2.6/1,000 population
Missouri - ?
Patrol: The Number of Officers

6. Patrol: The Number of Officers
City
Pop
Total law enforcement employees
Total officers
Total civilians
Top Five - Missouri Cities
Bellerive
250 22 21 1 84
Pasadena Park
452
46.46
Oakland
1,544 71 59 12
38.212
Randolph 54 2
37.037
Uplands Park
432 11 9
20.833
Bottom Five - Missouri Cities
Tipton
3,278 3
0.9152
New Franklin
1,093
0.9149
Maysville
1,120
0.8929
Country Club Village
2,437
0.8207
Oran
1,247
0.8019
Average of Missouri Cities
3.46
Patrol: The Number of Officers

7. Patrol: The Number of Officers
City
Population
Total law enforcement employees
Total officers
Total civilians
# Officers/1,000
Kansas City
483,191
1,993
1,404
589
2.91
St. Louis
355,151
1,920
1,363
557
3.84
Springfield
157,110
357
285 72
1.81
Independence
121,141
302
204 98
1.68
Columbia
103,417
189
158 31
1.53
Lee's Summit
87,707
188
132 56
1.51
O'Fallon
81,851
136
107 29
1.31
St. Joseph
75,922
115 43
St. Charles
65,729
155
111 44
1.69
St. Peters
56,518
110 86 24
1.52
Blue Springs
56,226
119 87 32
1.55
Joplin
50,346
156 45
2.20
Average Cities above 50,000 population
1.92
Patrol: The Number of Officers

8. Patrol: Officers Assigned to Patrol
Small communities
Larger communities
Patrol: Officers Assigned to Patrol

9. Patrol: Distribution of Officers
Put officers:
Where they are needed
When they are needed
Poor parts of town
Usually more crime
Patrol: Distribution of Officers

10. Patrol: Distribution of Officers
Frequent vs. Infrequent Rotation of Shifts/Beats
Corruption Measure
Familiarity
“is deleterious to the physical and psychological health of the individual and to the well being of the organization.”
Patrol: Distribution of Officers

11. Patrol: Hot Spots Crime is not committed randomly
Officers should not be placed randomly
When do you need them?
Where do you need them?
Patrol: Hot Spots

12. Types of Patrol How effective are these? Patrol Foot Auto Motorcycle
Bicycle

13. Foot Patrol
Flagstaff, Arizona P.D.

14. Bicycle Patrol
Pennsylvania Capital Police Bike Patrol

15. Motorcycle Patrol
Maumee Police Department
Maumee, Ohio

16. Automobile Patrol
Carbon E7

17. Patrol Car(Carbon E7) BMW inline-6 turbo-diesel rear wheel drive
Six-speed automatic transmission
Performance
0-60 mph 6.5 secs
Quarter Mile 4.5 mph
Top Speed mph
Fuel Economy mpg

18. ballistic protection (front doors and dash panel)
Patrol Car(Carbon E7)
Durability ,000 mile 75 mph rear impact crash Cockpit - fitted law enforcement equipment
ballistic protection (front doors and dash panel)
Reverse backup camera
360 degree surveillance
License plate recognition Night vision interior
Infrared system

19. Rumor has it that the Carbon E7 may cost around $80,000.
Some of you had doubts as to the accuracy of the speed of the Carbon E7.
It would help if I had placed a 1 in front of the time of 4.5, making it 14.5 seconds.
The E7 looks very competitive with the Caprice, Charger and Ford police packages.
Rumor has it that the Carbon E7 may cost around $80,000.
Don’t worry about the “worst” of these cars, it hasn’t been produced since 2008.
Chevrolet Caprice PPV`
Dodge Charger Pursuit
Ford Police Interceptro Sedan
Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor
Carbon E7
0-60
5.7
5.6
5.3
7.6
6.5
Quarter Mile - Time
14.2
14.1
13.9
15.8
14.5
Quarter Mile - Speed
101
102
100.9
88.9 98

20. I might even ask several questions concerning this vehicle to see who is looking at it.
Carbon E7

21. TWO OFFICER CARS?

22. One Person Patrol Units
Efficient
2X More Area
2X Calls
One person
Less resisting arrest / Assaulted less / More arrests / More crime reports
One Person Patrol Units

23. Types of Patrol: Advantages vs. Disadvantages
Type of Patrol
Percent Used
Personal Contact
Patrol Coverage
Inclement
Weather
Automobile
84%
Less
Good
Yes
Foot 4%
Much more
Poor No
Motorcycle 5%
More
Moderate
Bicycles
Types of Patrol: Advantages vs. Disadvantages

24. Style of Patrol - Individual
Dispatched Activity Based upon call to the P.D. Officer-Initiated Activity Based upon officer’s initiative
Style of Patrol - Individual

25. Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)
Watchman Style Emphasis on Order maintenance Ignore “little stuff” Tough on crime Officer is given great latitude
Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)

26. Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)
Legalistic Style Emphasis on law enforcement More traffic tickets Juvenile taken into custody Use little things to find bigger things
Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)

27. Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)
Service Style Often informal intervention Deal with a broad array of problems Community relations and public education are important
Style of Patrol – Organizational (James Q. Wilson)

28. Effectiveness of Patrol
Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment
Controversial results
Challenged traditional assumptions about patrol
Newark Foot Patrol Experiment
Crime
Citizen attitudes
Kansas City Response Time Study
Effectiveness of Patrol

29. Effectiveness of Patrol
Kansas City Response Time Study
80-90% reported too slowly to help
Discovery/Reporting – Victim controlled
Processing – Dispatcher controlled
Travel – Officer controlled
Usually you’re already too late
Discovery Time
Reporting Time
Processing Time
Travel time
At-scene Time
Effectiveness of Patrol

30. Effectiveness of Patrol
Improving Patrol
Differential Response to calls (Immediate/delay/none)
Telephone Reporting Units (Reports over the phone)
311 Nonemergency Numbers (Reduces patrol work)
Non-English 911 Call Services
Reverse 911
Computers and Video Cameras
Police Aids or Cadets
Directed Patrol (Go where the crime is to patrol)
Effectiveness of Patrol

31. The Communications Center
Modern Communications Technology
Information Processing
Prioritizing Calls
Operators
Dispatchers
911 Systems

32. 911 System Only ½ of all calls to 911 result in a dispatch
Operators ask questions of callers
Operators assess situation
Operators decide how many and which officers to dispatch
Patrol officers responding to calls experience great uncertainty
911 System

33. Police Research Historical Context Calls for Service
Systematic Study of Police Patrol
Response Time