3. Section 1: Railroads Lead the Way

4. Transcontinental Travel The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. By the 1890s, there were five. 1860: 30,000 miles of railroad track 1900: 250,000 miles of railroad track

5. Consolidation Combining separate railroad companies, or consolidation, helped to increase railroad growth. Big companies became bigger and either bought smaller companies or drove them out of business. The powerful men at the top were known as railroad barons.

6. Railroad Barons One of the first barons was Cornelius Vanderbilt (between NYC and the Great Lakes). Another was James Hill (between Minnesota and Washington State). Collis P. Huntington, Leland Stanford, and two others (California to Utah)

7. Railroads Helping other Industries The fast-growing railroad decreased travel time and helped all the other industries as a result. Raw materials (iron ore, coal, timber) could be shipped and then turned into manufactured goods more quickly. Iron mining and processing increased. The steel industry increased.

8. The Standard Gauge In the late 1880s most of the railroad companies adopted a standard gauge for the width of railroad track – 4 ft., 8.5 in. One train could keep moving from track to track, rather than unload and transfer it’s goods.

9. Technological Advances George Westinghouse – air brakes Eli H. Janney – made linking cars easier Gustavus Swift – refrigerated cars George M. Pullman – Pullman sleeping car

10. Rebates Rebates were secret discounts offered by railroads that were competing with one another for customers. These could be used to put small companies out of business. Is that good or bad for a healthy economy?

11. Pools Pools were secret agreements among the railroad barons. They divided their areas of interest and then set prices, agreeing not to lower them; that way they could give prices high and not have to worry about local competition.

12. Time Zones Since travel was faster, Americans shifted from measuring distances in terms of miles to measuring them in terms of how many hours the trip would take. A national time system was created, one with four different time zones for the country. Eastern Standard Time (EST). Central Standard Time (CST). Mountain Standard Time (MST). Pacific Standard Time (PST).

13. Time Zones ’06-’07 – several Indiana counties have switched from CTZ to ETZ.

14. Section 1 Assessment 1) Use each of these terms in a sentence that will help explain its meaning: consolidation, standard gauge, rebate, pool. - Answers vary. 2) Describe the methods used by robber barons to drive smaller companies out of business. - They bought smaller companies and used rebates, pools, and other business practices. 3) How did the railroads pave the way for the expansion of industry in the West? - Trains made it easier to ship raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to markets. Industries that supported railroads also expanded.

15. Section 1 Assessment 4) Do you think the federal government should have intervened to regulate the unfair practices of the railroad barons? Why or why not? - Answers will vary. Yes, their practices made it difficult for small business to survive. No, the government should not be involved in regulating businesses. The free enterprise system should regulate itself. 5) Re-create the diagram and identify the developments in technology that improved railroad transportation. - Air brakes, Janney car couplers, refrigerated cars, the Pullman sleeping car 6) Study the map of the major western railroads that appears on page 558. Through what states did the Great Northern Railroad pass? - Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon Through what cities in Montana did railroads pass? - Butte, Helena, Bozeman

16. Section 1: Railroads Lead the Way Song This Chapter’s about Railroads Barons controlled these They practiced consolidation Combining separate companies They used a standard gauge so the tracks would be all the same size And they also gave rebates Secret discounts and some bribes You also need to know About time zones George Westinghouse made brakes Swift made railcars cold Pullman made a sleeping car Hill owned the Great Northern Line The New York Central, Vanderbilt controlled. Pools were secret agreements Janney helped workers link cars all around Steel replaced iron, then lumber And coal grew by leaps and bounds.

17. Section 2: Inventions

18. The Telegraph In 1844, Samuel Morse developed the telegraph – a device which transmitted messages by sound using “Morse Code.” By 1860, thousands of telegraph lines existed in the U.S. http://morsecode.scphillips.com/translator.html

19. The Telephone Alexander Graham Bell was helping hearing-impaired people learn how to speak by sending sounds of peoples’ voices through electrical wires. These sounds would be effectively carried to the other end.

20. The Typewriter In 1868, Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter, (at least the first one to be commercially successful) helping businesses operate more efficiently. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfxRfkZdiAQ

21. The Adding Machine In 1888, William Burroughs patented his own adding machine (the ancestor of the calculator).

22. The Box Camera In 1888, George Eastman invented a small box camera – the Kodak.

23. The Vacuum Cleaner In 1899, John Thurman received a patent for a newer version of vacuum cleaner. It basically shot compressed air at a carpet and then blew the dust and dirt into a receptacle – not quite the same as vacuum cleaners today. It was a little more like a leaf blower.

24. Thomas Edison Edison saved a child from an oncoming train while working at a railroad. He created a machine that sent automatic telegraphs so that he could sleep on the job.

25. The Phonograph Thomas Edison made the phonograph (basically, a very early record player) in 1877. Physical marks would record the distinct sounds on a rotating cylinder.

26. The Motion Picture Projector Working with George Eastman (the Kodak guy!), Edison invented a motion picture projector, taking a sequences of recorded images/photographs and turning it into a “motion” picture, the predecessor to film today. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcFLrXknyjQ

27. The Telephone Transmitter

28. The Storage Battery Thomas Edison also invented the storage battery. It could store electric power for later use. Here is an alkaline storage battery from 1901. Chemical reactions inside the battery produce a release of energy.

29. The Electric Lightbulb Edison’s most important invention and contribution was the lightbulb, invented in 1879. The next step was to make power plants to send the electricity to those light bulbs.

30. Electric Transformers Not quite. George Westinghouse created transformers to send power cheaply over short distances. This powered factories, streetlights, lamps, trolleys, etc. This?

31. African American Inventors Lewis Howard Latimer Granville Woods Elijah McCoy Jan E. Matzeliger

32. Improved Lightbulb Filament The son of escaped slaves, Lewis Howard Latimer joined Edison’s company and developed an even better lightbulb filament.

33. Electric Incubator Granville Woods was the first post-Civil War African American electrical and chemical engineer. He made things such as the electric incubator, for incubating eggs. He was in several battles with Thomas Edison, who claimed to have already invented things that Woods invented.

34. Oiling Machinery Another son of escaped slaves, Elijah McCoy developed a mechanism for oiling machinery. Trains had to stop and have their parts oiled, and he developed a device which would keep the parts oiled in mid-use.

35. Automated Shoe-Making Machine Jan E. Matzelinger made a shoe- making machine, which was a “shoe- in” for a great invention. By having a machine perform many of the steps done previously by hand, the process was made more efficient and more consistent.

36. The Model T Henry Ford was an engineer in Detroit and wanted to build an inexpensive, gas-powered automobile. After some earlier attempts, in 1908 he released the Model T – a car which was inexpensive and could be mass produced. Ford’s partner, Sorenson, described it as: “…a car which anyone could afford to buy, which anyone could drive anywhere, and which almost anyone could keep in repair.”

37. The Assembly Line Part of why the Model T was inexpensive and efficient to produce is the introduction of the assembly line. Different workers would have different tasks and would increasingly be doing the exact same steps and using the exact same parts during their role in the process.

38. Mass Production A revolutionized industry was capable of producing large quantities of goods more quickly – engaging in mass production of goods so as to decrease manufacturing costs and sell cheaper goods, enabling more of the population to buy various products. If goods could be sold to a larger number of people, than the increased sales could allow for and/or offset any loss in revenue from decreased prices. So businesses could compete with one another by lowering prices and that process could actually help them make more money.

39. Section 2 Assessment 1) Use the terms assembly line and mass production in a complete sentence that explains their meaning. - Answers vary. 2) Name and describe two inventions that changed the way Americans communicated in the 1800s. - Include any two of the following: telegraph, telephone, typewriter, phonograph, and camera. 3) How was transportation improved during the early 1900s? - Transportation was improved by the development of the airplane, the electromagnetic train brake and automatic circuit breaker for railroads, and the gasoline powered automobile engine.

40. Section 2 Assessment 4) Which invention do you think brought about the most dramatic change in people’s lives? Explain. - Answers vary; include one example of how the invention impacted people’s lives. 5) Re-create the diagram below. From the description of inventions in this section, classify each invention in one of the categories. 6) Study the photographs of the inventions and products that appear in Section 2. Which have undergone the greatest change? Why do you think this is so? - Answers vary; provide good, specific reason for choice. Mostly rural useMostly urban use Both urban and ruralMostly used by business and industry Electric incubatorTelegraphTelephone, vacuum cleaner, camera, lightbulb, automobile Typewriter, adding machine, shoemaking machine

41. Section 2: Inventions Review Song This Chapter’s about Inventions Like telegraphs and telephones John Thurman invented a vacuum That you could use in your home Edison he made the lightbulb He lit up Menlo Park 1908, Ford made the Model T Assembly lines put together the parts A man named Cyrus Field, In ‘66 he would reveal An Atlantic telegraph line Eastman’s camera worked well Sholes’ typewriter was swell Latimer’s filament worked just fine George Westinghouse made transformers Alexander Graham Bell’s phone transmitted speech Matzelinger invented a shoemaking machine Mass production made selling goods cheap

42. Section 3: An Age of Big Business You might say that Standard Oil was…well armed?

43. Factors of Production Land Labor Capital

44. Land Land doesn’t just refer to the land, but also to all of the natural resources found and produced on that land. The payment for use of land to a landowner is known as rent.

45. Labor Labor refers to the workers needed to turn raw materials into manufactured goods. The payment for someone else’s labor and all income received from one’s own labor is called wages.

46. Capital Capital refers to the equipment – buildings, machinery, and tools – used in production. Capital can also be used to refer to money used for investment. A great deal of money fuels the processes of invention and innovation.

47. Corporation A corporation differs from an ordinary company in that it sells shares, or stock, of its business to the public. The members of the public who own that stock are called shareholders, and through that stock, they have partial ownership of the company. Shareholders could earn dividends, or cash payments from the corporations profits, on the stock they own.

48. Oil In the 1850s, researchers realized that petroleum, or oil, had many uses. It could be used for heat, light, and lubrication for machinery. Edwin L. Drake, a former railroad conductor, dug a well that produced 15 barrels of petroleum a day. This caused an oil boom in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia.

49. John D. Rockefeller With four partners, Rockefeller set up the first oil refinery in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio and set out to dominate the oil industry.

50. Horizontal Integration Rockefeller used horizontal integration to build his company into a large empire. This consisted of combining separate, competing firms into a single corporation.

51. Trust A trust is a group of companies managed by the same board of directors.

52. Monopoly A monopoly is an almost total control of an industry by a single producer.

53. Vertical Integration In vertical integration, a company becomes powerful through acquiring other companies to provide equipment and services.

54. Philanthropy Philanthropy is when money is used to benefit a community. Philanthropists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller took a large portion of their money and built schools, gave to parks, etc.

55. Mergers A merger is when one company combines with another company. Mergers concentrated economic power in the hands of a few powerful corporations and individuals. By 1900, just 1% of the country’s corporations controlled one third of all American manufacturing.

56. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) To combat the growing power of trusts, in 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act. Its effect was limited, but at least progressives had something on the books to appeal to when cracking down on monopolies and trusts.

57. Section 3 Assessment 1) Use the key terms the follow to write a newspaper article about Andrew Carnegie: corporation, monopoly, vertical integration, philanthropy. - Answers vary. 2) What cities became centers of steel production in the late 1800s? - Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, and Birmingham 3) Summarize the steps that John D. Rockefeller took to gain control of the oil industry. - Bought most refineries, produced own supplies, lowered prices to threaten the competition, pressured customers not to deal with competitors, got rebates from railroads, and formed trust to gain stock of remaining competitors.

58. Section 3 Assessment 4) Recreate the diagram below and list the benefits of competition to consumers. - Competition – incentive to keep prices low; improved goods and services 5) Compare the methods used by Rockefeller and Carnegie to build their industrial empires. Describe any differences between the two. - Both men gained total control over a single industry. Rockefeller used horizontal integration to develop his oil monopoly. Carnegie used vertical integration to develop his steel monopoly. 6) Study the cartoon on page 569. Whom do the figures represent? - The figures represent government, Standard Oil, and suppliers. What is the cartoon saying about the Standard Oil Company? - Monopolies such as Standard Oil possessed the power to control government and suppliers.

59. Section 3: Review Song There are three factors of production: Capital, labor, and land Land includes natural resources Labor includes the working man Capital means money for investment, Corporations sell shares, or stock Payments to shareholders are dividends If stocks fall then money’s lost Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Gained a monopoly Horizontal integration Combined firms that compete More power was a must So then he a made a trust U.S. oil was controlled by elites Carnegie controlled the steel industry Later he sold it to Pierpont Morgan Good competition there was a lack So Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act

60. Section 4: Industrial Workers

61. Industrial Change Because of economic progress, employers and employees became more separated and had less of a personal connection. Laborers typically worked 10-12 hour days, 6 days a week, and could be fired at any time for any reason. They could be replaced with cheaper labor from immigrants. Accidents were only possible.

62. Sweatshops Sweatshops were shops or factories where workers worked long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions.

63. Trade Unions In the early 1800s, workers began to organize into trade unions – workers in individuals trades banding together to demand better pay and working conditions from employers. Originally, unions only consisted of fellow workers working in the same trade. Later on they had greater influence because many expanded to include multiple trades.

64. Knights of Labor In 1898, garment cutters in Philadelphia formed the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, or the Knights of Labor for short. They had to meet in secret since employers at the time fired members of labor unions. The head of the Knights of Labor was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights also included women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers – people who had traditionally been kept out of most trade unions.

65. American Federation of Labor (AFL) Disenchanted with the Knights of Labor, a number of trade unions came together to form a federation – the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The AFL’s president was Samuel Gompers. What did the AFL want? Higher wages Shorter hours Better working conditions Right to collective bargaining

66. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining involved workers uniting together in labor unions and therefore having more bargaining power while in negotiations with employers. Individual workers would be at a serious disadvantage, but the idea behind collective bargaining was that the united front would help out all of the workers and put more pressure on employers.

67. Strikebreakers Strikebreakers were people hired to end workers’ strikes.

68. Haymarket Riot (1886) In May of 1886, strikers met in Haymarket Square, to protest the killing of 4 strikers the day before. An anonymous person threw a bomb that killed a police officer. Several more were killed in a resulting riot. Most Americans came to see the labor movement as associated with disorder, terrorism, etc. This made it easier for employers to fend off the efforts of unions to effect change.

69. Homestead Strike (1892) Andrew Carnegie had a steel plant in Homestead, PA. The workers there went on strike in 1892. The managers hired nonunion workers to replace them and brought in 300 armed guards. 10 people died during a skirmish. The governor sent in the state militia and the plant reopened with the nonunion workers.

70. Pullman Strike (1894) The employees at the George Pullman railway-car plant near Chicago went on strike in May of 1894. Why? The company cut wages. Pullman closed the plant in response. Workers in the American Railway Union stopped handling the cars, halting traffic. So no new cars were being built, and the existing ones had no one to operate them.

71. Injunction The U.S. Attorney General issued an injunction – or court order – requiring all of the workers to stop the strike. It was damaging the economy. President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops. Eugene V. Debs was arrested and the strike ended.

72. Section 4 Assessment 1) Write a paragraph about the American Federation of Labor. Use the following terms: sweatshop, trade union, collective bargaining, strikebreaker, injunction. - Answers vary. 2) What role did Samuel Gompers play in union growth? - He headed the AFL. 3) What were the goals of the American Federation of Labor when it was founded? - It pressed for higher wages, shorter hours, improved working conditions, and the right to bargain collectively.

73. Section 4 Assessment 4) Why do you think many Americans did not immediately support the labor unions? - Answers vary, but students should recognize that union-related strikes and violence prompted negative public opinion. 5) Re-create the diagram below and describe the roles each played in labor-management issues. 6) Study the map on page 574. Which of the events on the map occurred in the 1890s? What events took place in Illinois? - New Orleans workers’ demand for shorter hours and better pay, the Homestead Strike, the Silver Mines unrest, and the Pullman Strike When did they occur? - The Haymarket Affair in 1886 and the Pullman Strike in 1894 IndividualRole Terence PowderlyHelped the Knights of Labor become a national labor organization Mary Harris JonesFought for workers’ rights for 50 years George PullmanObtained a court order to stop the union from striking Grover ClevelandSent federal troops to Chicago to end the Pullman Strike

74. Section 4: Industrial Workers Review Song Workers formed the Knights of Labor It was replaced by the AFL They bargained for higher wages And then their numbers swelled Strikes were broken up by courts who Issued injunctions Because state and federal governments Said business must function Women and children And also many men They had to work in bad sweatshops Folks thought this was a sin They started trade unions To protest working ‘round the clock Employers hired strikebreakers At Haymarket Square there was a bomb The Homestead Strike it failed, too The Pullman Strike Also went wrong