1. I.MUTATIONS Definition: Any mistake or change in the sequence of DNA.

2. 1.Types of Mutations A. Point Mutations - A change in a single base pair. Example: Mr. Adoff is real cool! ATG TCA CGA Mr. Adoff is _______? ATG TCA GGA

3. B.Frameshift Mutations - A mutation which causes an entire shift in the genetic message. Examples: ATG ACG GCA TTG TCT GGA Deletion: ATG AGG CAT TGT CTG GA_ ATG ACG GCA TTG TCT GGA Insertion: ATG ACT GGC ATT GTC TGG A - The entire protein sequence has been changed!

4. C. Chromosomal Mutations - Affects large sections of DNA rather than smaller sections. - Portions of a chromosome (s) can be added, deleted or reversed. Example: Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) - Child has 47, instead of 46 chromosomes. * What are some characteristics of someone with Trisomy 21?

5. Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

7. Selective Breeding Only allow organisms with desired traits to breed with each other. –Ex- Dog breeding Hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both. –Mule- cross between a donkey and horse

8. Selective Breeding cont. Inbreeding- continued breeding of ind. with similar characteristics. –Ex- different dog breeds –Can be dangerous due to increased chance for genetic defects.

9. II.Genetic Engineering Definition: - Making changes to the DNA code of an organism. How can I take a gene from one organism and insert it into another completely different organism? A. Recombinant DNA - DNA made by connecting fragments of DNA from different sources. A + B = C

10. B.Restriction Enzymes - Proteins which have the ability to “cut” pieces of DNA at specific base sequences. Examples: 1.Hae III – Cuts DNA completely in half between every GGCC sequence. CATGGCCTATCCGG GTACCGGATAGGCC

11. 2. EcoRI – Cuts DNA after the G in every GAATTC sequence. - Creates “sticky end” pieces of DNA. Recognition sequences DNA Sequence Restriction enzyme EcoR I cuts the DNA into fragments. Sticky End “Click image for animation.”

12. III.Applications for Genetic Engineering A. Creating Transgenic Organisms What does “Transgenic” mean? - An organism that contains “functional” recombinant DNA. Examples: - Glowing Tobacco Plant - Mice with Human Immune System - Livestock with extra growth hormone genes. - Insect Resistant corn and soybean - Over 90% of corn & 80% of soybean is a hybrid.

14. B.Importance of Bacteria - Bacteria are used to produce a variety of important substances for the health industry. Examples: - Insulin - Human Growth Hormone - Blood Clotting Factors

15. C.How are bacteria “Transformed?” 1. Bacteria contain a circular piece of DNA called a Plasmid. 2. A gene is removed from a human using restriction enzymes. * The same restriction enzyme will be used to cut open the plasmid. 3. The human gene is inserted into the plasmid. 4. The bacteria will then reproduce quickly while producing the item coded for from the human piece of DNA.

18. Cloning A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.