1. Driver behaviour in presence of child and adult pedestrians By S.J. Thompson, E.J. Fraser and C.I. Howarth Ergonomics, 1985, vol.28, No. 10, 1469-1474 學生：董瑩蟬

2. Purpose This paper investigated the vehicles speed different between presence children and adult pedestrian. And investigated the vehicles speed when the different pedestrian groups.

3. References Some paper found that were 95% cases of driver and pedestrian error. (Staughton and Storie, 1977; Sabey and Staughton, 1975) Howarth and Gunn (1982) suggested three way to reduction child pedestrian accidents.

4. Method Site –The observe at five different junior school’s entrances. –The three different time was 2.5 hours The 30 min before and the 15 min after school opening The 60 min after lunchtime The 15 min before and the 30 min after school closing

5. Method Measure data –Vehicle speed: the vehicle within 25 m of the school that speed measured by radar. –Distance: the distance from the kerb. –Environmental variables: sex and presence lollipop lady on so on.

6. Method Others –The attended children age between 3 to 11 years old. –The recorded data eliminate parents delivering and collecting child, and unimpeded motorists. –When the pedestrian estimated within 1 m of the nearside kerb.

7. Result There were 144 vehicles data on this study. There were 90.6% were cars that mean speed was 28.4 mph (45.7 km/h). There were 36% vehicles speed more than legal limit of 30 mph (48.3 km/h). Three percent was faster than 40 mph (64.4 km/h) and the highest speed was 58 mph (93.4 km/h)

8. Result Mean vehicle speed Presence children pedestrian 27.3 mph (44km/h) Absence pedestrian 28.54 mph (45.9km/h) Presence adults pedestrian 30.9 mph (49.7km/h) The vehicle mean speed was 30.7 mph (49.4 km/h) that estimated obstruction situation. And the pedestrian present was 32.6 mph (52.5 km/h). And on pedestrian present was 32.2 mph (51.8 km/h).

9. Result

10. There was significant different on mean speed. (P<0.05) The speeds was significant highest on adults pedestrian. There were no significant different between present children pedestrian and on pedestrian presence. (P>0.05) The vehicles speed may reduction 1 mph (1.61 km/h) when large pedestrian groups (10 or more) was presence.

11. Result There were no significant different on mean distance. The vehicle speed reduction 1.3 mph (2.1 km/h ) when the lollipop lady presence. There were no significant different on speed when different pedestrian gender present.

12. Discussion This study found that pedestrian presence that effect driver behaviour. It similar to Sandels (1974). There were many physical environment that effect driver’s behavior. So Denton (1966) suggest legal constraints driver’s behaviour. And pedestrian accidents reduction by legal speed limits. (OECD 1972).

13. conclusion The pedestrian may effect driver speed. The vehicles speed was highest When the pedestrian was adult. And the lower when the pedestrian was children. The vehicles speed reduced ca 1 mph (1.61 km/h) when large pedestrian groups (10 or more) was presence.