1. 17.4 – The Reformation Continues

2. John Calvin Influential in the spread of Protestantism
1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion
Summary of Protestant beliefs
View men & women as sinful by nature
Believed in predestination: God knew who he was going to save or “elect”
Teachings = Calvinism
John Calvin

3. Calvinism Spreads Ideal government: Theocracy
Religious leaders rule
1540s: rules city of Geneva – a “model city”
Strict: No bright clothing or card games; religion classes
Brutal punishments
1559: John Knox (Scotsman) follows Calvin’s teaching = Presbyterians
Calvinism spreads throughout Europe
France: Calvinists = Huguenots
Catholics kill 1000s of them

4. Anabaptists Protestants: Bible source of all religious truth
Baptized those only enough to decide
Viewed church & state to be separate
Refused to fight wars & share possessions
Persecuted by Catholics & Protestants
Forerunners of Mennonites & Amish
Influence the Quakers & Baptists

5. Women Reforms & renaissance ideas = more influence from women
Many protect reformers
Marguerite of Navarre saves John Calvin
Katherina von Bora (Luther’s wife)
Mothers children, manages finances, cooked meals, supports Luther
Pushed for women to have equal marriage roles
Beginning of the modern woman

6. Catholic Reforms Millions stayed with the Catholic Church
Aid cause through reforms = Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola = Reformer from Spain
1522: Spiritual Exercises
Daily plan of meditation, prayer, & study
1540: Pope creates the Society of Jesus = Jesuits
1) Found schools in Europe
2) Convert non-believers
3) stop spread of Protestantism

7. Reforming Popes Reforms of Pope Paul III Reforms of Pope Paul IV
1) Investigated indulgences & abuses
2) Approved Jesuit order
3) Uses Inquisition to seek out heresy
4) called the Council of Trent
Reforms of Pope Paul IV
Carries out the council’s decrees
1559: Draws up list of dangerous books to the faith
Orders books to be burned

8. Council of Trent
: Catholic bishops & cardinals establish doctrines
Agreed upon doctrines:
Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
Salvation = faith & good works
The Bible & traditions guided Christian life
Indulgences were valid, but couldn’t be false

9. Legacy of the Reformation
Religious & Social Effects
Political Effects
Protestant churches flourish
New denominations develop
Catholic Church is stronger as a religious entity
More emphasis on education
Colleges & universities established
Women mostly limited to concerns of home & family = some new roles
Catholic political authority declines
More power for monarchs & states = the modern nation-state
1600s = power sought through war, exploration, & expansion
Lays the groundwork for the Enlightenment