2. 1791: 4,000 bales of cotton are produced 1849: 2, 246, 900 bales of cotton are produced 6 cents a lb. to 14 cents in 1857 Expanded into Arkansas and Texas Crop increase: 2,500,000 bales in 1850 to 5,300,000 in 1860 Crop Value: In 1800, $8 million: In 1860, $250 million Tobacco by 1860 : 200,000,000 lbs. to 430,000,000 lbs. Cotton Production The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery.

4. Trial of tears Total U.S. population was 3.5 million… 700,000 slaves in the U.S. at this time. Still bought slaves through the slave trade.

5. Trial of tears Total U.S. population was 18 million 2 million slaves in the U.S. at this time. 1808, importation of slaves was illegal Slave trade within the U.S. Increase of slave population was from natural reproduction

6. Trial of tears 33 million U.S. population, 4 million slaves in the South

7. Map Crops in South COTTON BELT, Cotton Kingdom

8. Map/Cotton Belt COTTON BELT, Cotton Kingdom

9. Federal Southern society was similar to a Feudal system that existed in Europe during the Dark and Middle Ages…..(Manorial System) Southern society was similar to a Feudal system that existed in Europe during the Dark and Middle Ages…..(Manorial System) Caste system and difficult to move up the social ladder. Caste system and difficult to move up the social ladder. Based on white supremacy and the slave was inferior. Based on white supremacy and the slave was inferior. Plantation owners Aristocracy Middle Class Small farmers Poor Whites Free Blacks, 2 nd class citizens Slaves---no rights, considered property No political or civil rights. Upper class Owned some slaves. Achieve American Dream Owned no slaves….Hated white upper class…American Dream

10. At the Constitutional ConventionAt the Constitutional Convention 3/5’s Compromise3/5’s Compromise 1807, imported slaves was abolished in the U.S.1807, imported slaves was abolished in the U.S. Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law 90% of Europe’s cotton came from the South by 186090% of Europe’s cotton came from the South by 1860 1/2 of U.S. exports were from cotton1/2 of U.S. exports were from cotton More money invested in slaves than land and tools---$2 billionMore money invested in slaves than land and tools---$2 billion Facts on Slavery Conditions on a slave ship were horrible. This was called the Middle Passage.

11. Picture/Slavery More slaves you had the greater social status 2/3’s of presidents since independence were slaveowners Majority of Supreme Court justices were from the South

12. More millionaires in the South than the NorthMore millionaires in the South than the North 75% of the cotton harvest was done by plantations with10 or more slaves.75% of the cotton harvest was done by plantations with10 or more slaves. Slave population grew from natural reproductionSlave population grew from natural reproduction There was a slave trade within the U.S.There was a slave trade within the U.S. Facts on slavery Slaves being sold at an auction was prevalent throughout the Southern U.S. right up to the Civil War.

13. Picture/Cotton Kingdom No political or civil rights to protect slavesNo political or civil rights to protect slaves U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by 1860 U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supplyU.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supply Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral.Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is immoral. Cotton is King/King CottonCotton is King/King Cotton South was not willing to changeSouth was not willing to change Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S.Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of the U.S.

14. Chart/Total slaves

15. Chart/Life expectancy Life Expectancy of Working Men, 1830 to 1920

16. Chart: Total Deaths About 1,150,000 Southern white families owned no slaves---75% About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 slave or more--- 25% Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000…. (Number of slaves) %

17. Statistically only 25% of Southern families owned slavesStatistically only 25% of Southern families owned slaves 384,000 Southern families owned 1 or more slaves.384,000 Southern families owned 1 or more slaves. 75% of Southern families did not own slaves.75% of Southern families did not own slaves. Chart/slave owners

18. Out of the 25% of slaveowners, here is the breakdown of the number of slaves. 75% owned 1 to 9 slaves. 22% owned 10 to 49 owned slaves. 3% owned 50 or more slaves. 384,000 1860

19. Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S.Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S. 250 insurrections have been documented; between 1780 and 1864. 250 insurrections have been documented; between 1780 and 1864. 91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone.91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in Virginia alone. First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina. Slave Revolts

20. September 9, 1739September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and killed the two storekeepers they found there. "With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine. Burned houses, and killed white opponents. Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was suppressed.Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was suppressed. Slave Revolts/Stono Stono County Rebellion

21. Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern U.S. Gabriel Prosser Denmark Vessey Nat Turner Slave Revolts

22. Gabriel Prosser August 30, 1800 Governor James Monroe Prosser and some 35 of his young comrades were captured and hanged. Gabriel Prosser, (1776-1800), American leader of an aborted slave uprising, whose intention was to create a free black state in Virginia. Born near Richmond, he was the son of an African mother who instilled in him the love of freedom. Inspired perhaps by the success of the black revolutionaries of Haiti, he plotted with other slaves, notably Jack Bowler, in the spring of 1800 to seize the arsenal at Richmond and kill whites. On August 30, 1800, as many as 1000 armed slaves gathered outside Richmond ready for action. A torrential downpour and thunderstorm, however, washed away a bridge vital to the insurrectionists' march; at the same time Governor James Monroe, the future president, was informed of the plot and dispatched the state militia against them. Prosser and some 35 of his young comrades were captured and hanged. Slave Revolts/Prosser

23. The leader of an American slave revolt in Charleston, S.C., Denmark Vesey, b. Africa, 1767, d. July 2, 1822, had been owned by a slave-ship captain before he purchased his freedom (1800) with $600 won in a street lottery. As a freedman in Charleston, he worked at carpentry, became a leader of his church, and read antislavery literature. Determined to strike a blow against the institution that had victimized him, he devised an intricate conspiracy for an uprising in Charleston and vicinity during the summer of 1822. Informers divulged the plot, however, and 35 blacks, including Vesey, were executed. Slave Revolts/Vessey

24. Nat Turner Rebellion Nat Turner, 21st August, 1831, Nat Turner was executed on 11th November, 1831. Nat Turner, a slave owned by Joseph Travis of Southampton, Virginia, believed that he had been chosen by God to lead a slave rebellion. On 21st August, 1831, Turner and seven fellow slaves, murdered Travis and his family. Over the next two days and nights, Turner's band killed around 60 white people in Virginia. Turner had hoped that this action would cause a massive slave uprising but only 75 joined his rebellion. Over 3,000 members of the state militia were sent to deal with Turner's gang, and they were soon defeated. In retaliation, more than a hundred innocent slaves were killed. Turner went into hiding but was captured six weeks later. Nat Turner was executed on 11th November, 1831. Slave Revolts/Turner

25. Nat Turner Rebellion Arrest of Nat Turner Tree Nat Turner was hung on Slave Revolts/Turner

26. Slave Revolts

27. Besides slave revolts, slaves resorted to other ways to revolt….. Wouldn’t work hard.Wouldn’t work hard. Would sabotage equipment or break tools.Would sabotage equipment or break tools. Sometimes poisoned their master’s food.Sometimes poisoned their master’s food. Tried to escapeTried to escape Slave Revolts

28. Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a series of slave laws/codes which restricted the movement of the slaves. Slaves were not taught to read or writeSlaves were not taught to read or write Restricted to the plantationRestricted to the plantation Slaves could not congregate after darkSlaves could not congregate after dark Slaves could not possess any type of firearmSlaves could not possess any type of firearm A larger slave plantation than white in some statesA larger slave plantation than white in some states Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside world because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave revolts and wanting to escape. Slave Laws

29. Chart/Net Earnings % of White to Black Population in 1860

30. Slave Codes of the State of Georgia, 1848 SEC. I. CAPITAL OFFENSES. 1. Capital crimes when punished with death. The following shall be considered as capital offences, when committed by a slave or free person of color: insurrection, or an attempt to excite it; committing a rape, or attempting it on a free white female; murder of a free white person, or murder of a slave or free person of color, or poisoning of a human being; every and each of these offences shall, on conviction, be punished with death. Slave Laws

31. Georgia Slave Code, 1848 2. Punishment of free persons of color for encouraging slaves 2. Punishment of free persons of color for encouraging slaves. If any free person of color commits the offence of encouraging or enticing away any slave or slaves, for the purpose of, and with the intention to aid and assist such slave or slaves leaving the service of his or their owner or owners, or in going to another state, such person so offending shall, for each and every such offence, on conviction, be confined in the penitentiary at hard labor for one year. Slave Laws

32. Georgia Slave Code, 1848 3. Punishment for teaching slaves or free persons of color to read. If any slave, Negro, or free person of color, or any white person, shall teach any other slave, Negro, or free person of color, to read or write either written or printed characters, the said free person of color or slave shall be punished by fine and whipping, or fine or whipping, at the discretion of the court. Slave Laws

33. Arguments for Slavery  Economically profitable  Slavery was in the Bible  Duty of Southerners to Christianize the slaves, Positive Good  Provided a better life for slaves than in Africa, Positive Good  5 th Amendment legalized and protected slavery because slaves were considered property.

34. Abolitionists believed slavery was immoral…..Peculiar institution or it is odd, strange or weird to own another human being. Abolitionists argued slavery was immoral because it violated the ideals that this country was founded on. All men are created equal (DOI) If the U.S. was to succeed as a democratic society, slavery had to be abolished Abolitionists

35. Gag rule Gag rule was passed in Congress which nothing concerning slavery could be discussed. gag ruleanti- slavery petitions Under the gag rule, anti- slavery petitions were not read on the floor of Congress The rule was renewed in each Congress between 1837 and 1839. which refused to accept all anti-slavery petition. In 1840 the House passed an even stricter rule, which refused to accept all anti-slavery petition. On December 3, 1844, the gag rule was repealed

36. Picture/Garrison Through his newspaper, The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison spoke out against slavery and for the rights of black Americans for 35 years. The tone of the paper was established in the first issue of the paper with Garrison's editorial entitled, "To the Public,” “On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hand of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; -- but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD”. Garrison, a leader among American abolitionists, delivered his views with great conviction, as well as great foresight. "Posterity," he concluded in the editorial, "will bear testimony that I was right

37. Picture/Douglass Frederick Douglas Escaped slave in 1838 Mother was a slave and father was white Great speaker against slavery Bought his freedom for $600.00 Wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Editor of the North Star--Abolitionist paper Friends with Garrison Organized the 54th Black Regiment of Mass Escaped slave in 1838 Mother was a slave and father was white Great speaker against slavery Bought his freedom for $600.00 Wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Editor of the North Star--Abolitionist paper Friends with Garrison Organized the 54th Black Regiment of Mass

38. Reading/On Douglass After hearing Frederick Douglass speak in Bristol, England, in 1846, Mary A. Estlin wrote to an American abolitionist: “ There is but one opinion of him. Wherever he goes he arouses sympathy in your cause and love for himself…..Our expectations were highly roused by his narrative, his printed speeches, and the eulogisms of the friends with whom he has been staying: but he far exceeds the picture we had formed both in outward graces, intellectual power and culture and eloquence.”

39. Picture/Tubman Harriet Tubman, Moses of her people. Led over 300 escaped slaves out of the South during the 1850’s. $40,000 bounty was placed on her head Conductor of the Underground Railroad Supplied money from abolitionists.

40. Map/Underground RR

41. Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad existed as early as 1786. It was started by the Quakers and spread through most of the North by 1830. Underground Railroad One estimate places the number of African Americans who escaped through the Underground Railroad between 1830 and 1860 at 50,000. Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped to Canada Fugitive Slave LawViolated the Fugitive Slave Law

42. Fugitive Slave Law was made law at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 as a compromise between the North/South. Any escaped slaves captured in the North or free state had to be returned to their plantation owner. Unpopular in the North and led to the creation of the Underground Railroad. Southerners became bitter towards the North because they refused to enforce it.

43. FOLLOW THE DRINKING GOURD Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd The riverbank will make a very good road, The dead trees show you the way, Left foot, peg foot, traveling on, Follow the drinking gourd Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd The river ends between two hills, Follow the drinking gourd, There’s another river on the other side, Follow the drinking gourd. Follow the drinking gourd, Follow the drinking gourd, For the old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd Where the great big river meets the little river, Follow the drinking gourd, The old man is a-waiting for to take you to freedom, If you follow the drinking gourd. Drinking Gourd

44. Picture/Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abolitionist, authored the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book was used as propaganda to show the inhumanity of slavery. Southerners were enraged by this book and called it “lies”.

45. Reading/Tom’s Cabin In the closing scenes of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s brutal master, Simon Legree, orders the $1200.00 slave savagely beaten (to death) by two fellow slaves. Through tears and blood Tom exclaims, “No! no! no! my soul ain’t yours Mas’r! You haven’t bought it-----ye can’t buy it! It’s been bought and paid for by One that is able to keep it. No matter, no mater, you can’t harm me!” “I can’t” said Legree, with a sneer; “we’ll see---- we’ll see! Here, Sambo, Quimbo, give this dog such a breakin’ in as he won’t get over this month!”

46. Picture/Thoreau Abolitionist and transcendentalist Refused to pay a tax and spent a night in jail because the tax supported a war that was fought for slavery Mexican War Believer in Civil Disobedience or passive resistance---protest with non-violent actions Spent a night in jail over the Mexican War….

47. Picture/Anthony & Stanton 1830’s to 1900’s ElizabethElizabeth Cady Stanton SusanSusan B. Anthony Women’sWomen’s rights reformers citizenshipcitizenship rightright to vote educationeducation SupportedSupported the abolition of slavery

48. Seneca Falls Declaration The first Woman’s rights movement was in Seneca Falls, New York in 1849……The following is an excerpt from the Seneca Falls Declaration written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Notice that the language and wording is similar to the Declaration of Independence. We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed……

49. Seneca Falls Declaration The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world…. He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from all right in property, even to the wages she earns.He has taken from all right in property, even to the wages she earns.

50. Seneca Falls Declaration He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband. In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master; the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and to administer chastisement.

51. Seneca Falls Declaration Susan B. Anthony on marriage and slavery “The married women and their legal status. What is servitude? “The condition of a slave.” What is a slave? “A person who is robbed of the proceeds of his labor; a person who is subject to the will of another…” I submit the deprivation by law of ownership of one’s own person, wages, property, children, the denial of right as an individual, to sue and be sued, to vote, and to testify in the courts, is a condition of servitude most bitter and absolute, though under the sacred name of marriage.

52. Throughout early American history women are seen as virtuous protectors of American ideals - liberty, freedom and righteousness. Despite this women lack many legal rights during this time; they lack property rights, voting rights, the right to serve on juries, etc. The early Women’s Movement seeks equal rights to men both in the law and the workplace.

53. Important Dates 1848 — Women’s Rights convention, Seneca Falls, NY 1889 — Jane Adams founds Hull House in Chicago 1914 -18 — Women protest US entry into World War I 1919 — 19th Amendment passes 1919 — Temperance movement pushes the 20th Amendment prohibiting alcohol 1921 — Margaret Sanger founds the American Birth Control League

54. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Jane Addams Carrie Nation Margaret Sanger Seneca Falls Convention Women’s Suffrage Hull House & Anti War Movement TemperanceBirth Control