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1 UNIT 1

2 THE DELHI SULTANATE.

3 INTRODUCTION The Delhi sultanate is a noble example for the glory of ancient India.Its culture, art and architecture that exists even today is praiseworthy. The Sultans of Delhi ruled for quite a long period of 320 years during which there were achievements in different fields. Our Indian history is the famous and the longest history in the world . It helps our present generation to understand and remember our past.

4 SUMMARY:- After the Arab invasion of sind, the Delhi sultanate was established by Qutub-ud-din-aibek in 1206 A.D . Iltamush succeeded Qutub-ud-din-aibek & later he was succeeded by his daughter Razia Begum. Giyasuddin-Balban was the next important sultan,he beautified the Delhi.Giyasuddin Tughlaq defeated the last ruler of Khilji dynasty &became the ruler in1320 A.D. His son Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq succeeded him. He was an able sultan with best intention &excellent ideas, but he lacked in patience. The next ruler was Firoz-shah-Tughlaq.He was a capable &strong sultan. Finally the Tughlaq dynasty was succeeded by Syed Dynasty & later by Lodi Dynasty. Ibrahim-Lodi the last ruler of Lodi Dynasty was defeated by Babur in the first battle of Panipat in1526 A.D. Mosque at Ajmer--

5 OBJECTIVES: To know more about Delhi Sultanate . To have a complete analysis of Qutub-ud-din-Aibek’s rule. To know more about the dynasties which ruled over Delhi. To know the reasons for the downfall of Delhi Sultanate. Qutb minar

6 THE DELHI SULTANATE. After the death of Mohammed Ghor in 1206 AD; his Indian Empire passed onto the hands of his viceroy Qutub-ud din-Aibek as he had no successors. He later became the founder of the slave dynasty. The Delhi Sultanate was established by Qutub-ud-din-Aibek in 1206AD. Altogether five dynasties from 1206 to1526AD formed Delhi Sultanate. Expansion of Delhi Sultanate.

7 IMPORTANT DYNASTIES WHICH RULED OVER DELHI and there
founders. SLAVE DYNASTY- Qutub-ud-din-Aibek. KHILJI DYNASTY- Jalal-ud-din khilji. TUGHLAQ DYNASTY-Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq. LODI DYNASTY-Bahlul Khan Lodi. Tomb of SIKANDAR LODI-

8 SLAVE DYNASTY: Mohammed Ghor had left the task of administering his Indian conquest to Qutub-ud-din-Aibek,his slave & governor of Indian provinces.After the death of Mohammed Ghor, he declared himself the sultan of Hindustan.He ruled for 4 yrs,later he was succeeded by Iltamush.In turn he was succeeded by Razia begum who was killed in a battle in1240AD.Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban was the next important sultan. Razia Begum-- --Tomb of ILTAMUSH.

9 Iltutmish (1210-1236) The Iron fist in the velvet glove
Brought to power through the influence of a clique of Turkish nobles, spends the majority of his reign trying to break their grip over power Realizes the need to cultivate a power base spread through different social groups Also tries to create a court culture to subtly create obvious differences in court between the ruler and the nobility—Role of ruler as patron

10 Iltutmish’s military strategies
Keep buffer states in the northwest as a barrier against Mongols until 1227 when Chingiz Khan dies Avoids supporting Khwarzim Shahs or Yilduz 1228 Multan and Sind annexed Also adds Eastern and Southern fronts direct control over Bengal Rajasthan Central India, inc. Gwalior, Malwa

11 14th Century Sultanate Taxes are not standardized between rulers and widely fluctuate causing hardship Peasants pay 1/3 -1/2 of produce in taxes plus other types of taxes Rebellions in the countryside Sultans build canals and irrigation works to expand agriculture- didn’t help much Ibn Battuta visits in the first half of the century. He is sent by the Sultan as a representative to China

12 14th Century Sultanate Culture
Sufi practice spreads in N. India – love & devotion to realize God Bakti movement spreads also – fundamental unity of all religions Persian language is used by elite Muslims in India Elite culture spurs greater trade although many farmers are hurt by tax policies Urbanization spreads Exports flourished Cotton & silk textiles Paper industry Leather making Metal crafts Carpet weaving Sultanate coinage in the 14th century

13 Sultantate in the 15th Century
Timur invades in 1398 Dehli Sultanate loses territory throughout the 1400’s Increasing rebellions led by the nobles Last ruler defeated in 1526 by invading Mughals.

14 Iltutmish’s Conquests, c. 1236

15 Conclusion: The Delhi sultanate was a lengthy chapter with detailed study of five dynasties which is difficult to remember . This project will help the students to remember better due to its attractive effects. “ONE TIME SEEING IS BETTER THAN THOUSAND TIMES OF LISTENING” . Qutb Gate--

16 http//travel india mart.com/delhi/monuments/qutub-minar- complex.html
http// stock/wosa/sisipics.html Islam /timur.jpy. Lodi Gardens--

17 Alauddin Khalji Ala-ud-din Khilji (Arabic: علاء الدین الخلجی‎; died 1316), born as Juna Muhammad Khilji,was the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty reigning from 1296 to 1316.Of Khilgi/Ghilzai ethnicity, he is considered the most powerful ruler of the dynasty,He also had his Eunuch consort Malik Kafur hold the reigns of the empire in his last few years. His attack on Chittor in 1303 CE to capture the queen of Chittor, Rani Padmini, the wife of Rawal Ratan Singh and the subsequent story have been immortalised in the epic poem Padmavat, written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in the Awadhi language in the year 1540.

18 He was a strategist and military commander who commanded forces across the Indian subcontinent. Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji is also noted in history for being one of the few rulers in the world to have repeatedly defended his empire against Mongol invasions. He defeated large Mongol armies and then launched punitive expeditions against them in Central Asia, around modern-day Afghanistan.

19 Military Campaigns Mongol invasions
Further information: Mongol invasions of India Alauddin Khilji successfully defended his realm from the Mongol invasion. He improved the border's fortifications and established garrisons. He defeated the Mongol armies at the battles of Jalandhar (1298), Kili (1299), Amroha (1305) and Ravi (1306). "During his 20-year-long reign Ala al-Din Khalji conducted a number of campaigns that greatly expanded his authority. Threatened by the Mongol expansion from Central Asia, he successfully repelled several Mongol attacks on northwestern India between 1296 and The Mongol invasions in 1305 were also defeated, first at Amroha and then on the banks of Ravi River, allowing Ala al-Din to launch punitive expeditions into Mongol-controlled territories in Afghanistan.

20 North Indian expeditions
Ranathambor In 1296, Jalaluddin was assassinated by his nephew Allaluddin Khilji, who won over the nobles by bribing them and then crowned himself as the new Sultan of Delhi.Muhammad Shah was instrumental in making this coup successful and was rewarded for doing so. Allowed access to the harem, he struck up a friendship with Chimna, a disaffect begum of Allaudin's. The pair conspired to kill Allaudin and have themselves as sultan and queen. Allaudin discovered the plot and Shah fled from Delhi along with his brother. Shah obtained asylum from Hamir Dev, the Rajput ruler of Ranathambor, which then caused Dev to be a focus of Allaudin's ire. The fort of Ranathambhor was attacked and the armies of Allaudin and Dev fought a battle on the banks of river Banas, which the Rajput forces won.

21 However, Dev's army became disorganised due to a personal feud involving the Senapati (General-in-charge of the army), Gurdan Saini, who was eventually killed by his opponent, the prime minister. Allaudin reorganised his forces and made a renewed attack on the fort, being supplied with information about the state of the besieged forts supplies of food and water by unhappy officers from Dev's army. The fort structure was such that Allaudin was unable to breach it, so he offered to return to Delhi if Dev would hand Muhammad Shah over to him. Dev thought that breaking his promise to Shah would be dishonourable but Shah persuaded him that it was better than continuing the gruelling siege, given the immense resources of Allaudin's army. Thus, Allaudin got his way.

22 Gujarat Alauddin Khilji sent two of his great general brothers Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan, to Gujarat, which was conquered and annexed. The temple of Somnath was sacked. The wife of the king, Kamala Devi, was captured and later married the Sultan. Nusrat Khan started for Gujarat from Delhi on February 24, 1299 AD, Ulugh Khan started from Sindh and joined Nusrat Khan near Chittorgarh. Malik Kafur a slave, was bought for 1000 Dinars. He rose to position of general in the army.

23 Mewar On 28 January 1303 Alauddin started for Mewar, a powerful kingdom of north-west India. According to legend, Alauddin heard of the unparalleled beauty of Rani Padmini, wife of Ratan Singh.He went to Chittor with an intention to siege the fort and went in by saying that he wanted to see the Rani. This of course was an act of shame for a Hindu king, but Ratan Singh gave in. He persuaded his wife to let the sultan see her. She gave her consent and allowed Alauddin see her reflection in a mirror. While all this was going on his men secretly surveyed the inside of the fort. On seeing the beauty of the queen Alauddin was determined to get her for his harem. On his return to Delhi he got Ratan Singh in accompanying him. he used this opportunity and kidnapped him. The Songara Chauhan generals Gora & Badal decided to beat the Sultan at his own game and sent back a word that Padmini would be given to Ala-ud-din the next morning.

24 On the following day at the crack of dawn, one hundred and fifty palanquins (covered cases in which royal ladies were carried in medieval times) left the fort and made their way towards Ala-ud-din's camps The palanquins stopped before the tent where king Ratan Singh was being held prisoner. Seeing that the palanquins had come from Chittor; and thinking that they had brought along with them his queen, King Ratan Singh was mortified. But to his surprise from the palanquins came out, not his queen and her women servants but fully armed soldiers, who quickly freed Ratan Singh and galloped away towards Chittor on horses grabbed from Alauddin's stables. Gora fought bravely during the skirmish and laid down his life while Badal was able to take the Rana safely to the fort. .

25 Jauhar was preferred. A huge pyre was lit and, followed by their queen, the women of Chittor jumped into the flames and deceived Alauddin's army waiting outside. With their womenfolk dead, the men of Chittor had nothing to live for. They decided to perform Saka. Each soldier got dressed in kesariya robes and turbans. They charged out of the fort and fought on furiously with the vastly powerful array of the Sultan, until all of them perished. After his victory, the sultan's troops entered the fort and were confronted with the ashes and burnt bones of the women.

26 Malwa Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Mewar, Ranathambor and Gujarat stuck fear in the mind of the remaining Indian Kingdoms of northern India. But Mahlak Dev refused to give in to Alauddin Khalji so easily. He gathered 20,000 horsemen and 90,000 infantry to confront Alauddin's army. Harnanda Koka was the general of his army. On the other hand Ain-ul-Mulk Multani, Alauddin's general and future governor of Multan was on the head of a 160,000 Muslim army. After a bloody war Harnana Koka was killed and his forces retreated. Malwa along with Mandu,Dhara and Chanderi fell to Alauddin Khalji. Ain-ul-Mulk Multani was appointed the governor of Malwa.

27 Marwar Alauddin Khilji invaded Marwar in 1308.[11] Satal Dev was the king of Marwar and the owner of the famous Siwana fort. Alauddin Khilji sent Malik Kamaluddin as the general of his army. After a fierce battle the Marwari army was defeated. Satal Dev was captured and was executed Jalore Alauddin Khilji invaded Jalore next. The first expedition was a failure, Khilji's army was defeated by Kanhad Dev Songara. Alauddin Khilji then sent Malik Kamaluddin. The Hindu forces were defeated this time by Malik Kamaluddin's forces. The book "Kahnad-dev Prabhand", written by Padmnabh, tells more about this king.

28 Expeditions in southern India
Devagiri (Deogir) and Baglana In 1306–07, Alauddin Khalji completed two campaigns. The first was against Rai Karan who after his expulsion from Gujrat, had been holding Baglana. Though his wife Kamaladevi had become the chief begum of Alauddin, her daughter Devala Devi was with King Karan in Baglan. An expedition was launched to dethrone Karan and to bring Devala Devi to Delhi. It was successful and Devala Devi was sent to Delhi where she joined her mother and eventually was married to Khijir Khan - eldest son of Alauddin. The second expedition under his slave general Malik Kafur was against Deogir, under King Ramachandra, an ally of Rai Karan. Ramchandra was defeated, and Rai Ramachandra was restored to his dominions with the title "Rai Rayan" by Delhi. He was also given the Gujrat and one of his daughters, called Jatyapali, was married to Alauddin Khalji. This alliance was to prove to be of great value to Alauddin in his further aggrandizement in Deccan. But, after the death of Rai Ramachandra in 1315, his sons threw off the yoke of Delhi. Malik Kafur quickly came and crushed the rebellion and assumed direct administration of the area.

29 Warangal In 1303, the first attempt by Alauddin to conquer Warangal ended in a disaster as the army of the Kakatiya dynasty defeated him. The Kakatiya king, Prataparudra II, raised a well-equipped army and Alauddin's army, which was led by Malik-ud-din and Jhaju. Six years later, Malik Kafur invaded Warangal for the second time. Kafur was able to occupy the Warangal fort with soldiers, and forced Prataparudra to pay an indemnity and annual tribute.Among the treasures ceded by Prataparudra was the Koh-i-Noor diamond, once the largest known diamond in the world.This siege has been recorded by Amir Khusrow

30 Dwar Samudra (Halebeedu), Mabar and Madurai
After conquering Devagiri and Warangal, Alauddin Khilji sent Malik Kafur (1311) against king Vira Ballala III of the Hoyasala Kingdom of Halebidu. Veera Ballala was surprised and forced to pay an indemnity and become a vassal. But, in the case of Mabar, even this formal agreement was not forthcoming. Malik Kafur was defeated by the Tamil ruler Vikrama Pandya who was the younger brother of Emperor Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I of the Pandyan Dynasty. Within a decade after the death of Alaudin Khalji, several south Indian rulers like Prolaya Vema Reddy of the Reddy dynasty, Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, and Hakka and Bukka of the Vijayanagara Empire, liberated whole south India from the Delhi Sultanate. Additionally the Bahmani Sultanate also gained its independence in the Deccan in the 14th century.

31 Accounts of the massacre of newly converted Muslims
Mongols from central Asia tried to invade Delhi during the reign of Alauddin many times. Some of these Mongol people also settled near Delhi and accepted Islam. They were called "New Muslims". However, their financial condition was not good. Ala ud-din Khilji suspected them of being involved in a conspiracy against him and of being a threat to his power. He ordered to kill them all in a single day. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day due to fears of an uprising. Their women and children were made slaves

32 Political and administrative changes
Alauddin Khilji's administrative and political reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions. The bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military. Control over nobility On his accession to the throne Ala ud din khilji had to face a number of revolts by nobles including one by his own nephew, Aqat Khan. Alauddin's response was to increase his level of control over the nobility. He reduced the economic wherewithal of nobels to launch rebellions by confiscating their wealth and removing them from their bases of power. Even charitable lands administered by nobles were confiscated. Severe punishments were given for disloyalty. Even wives and children of soldiers rebelling for greater war spoils were imprisoned. An efficient spy network was set up that reached into the private households of nobles. Marriage alliance made between noble families had to be approved by the king.

33 Agrarian reforms The area between Lahore and Dipalpur in the Punjab and Kara (near Allahabad) were removed from the purview of nobles and brought under the direct control of the crown - khalisa. Tax was assessed at half of the output payable in cash. No additional taxes were levied on agriculture. The direct relationship between the cultivator and the state disrupted the power of local landowners that traditionally had power of collecting taxes and parcelling out land within their ares. These landowners had grown prosperous based on their ability to force their share of taxes onto smaller landholders. Under Alauddin, these landowners were forced to pay their own taxes and prevented from passing on that cost to others. The cut landowners made from collecting tax revenue for the state was also abolished. While the cultivators were free from the demands of the landowners, the high taxes imposed by the state meant they had "barely enough for carrying on his cultivation and his food requirements." To enforce the new system, a strong and efficient revenue administration system was set up. A large number of accountants, collectors, and agents were hired to administer the system. These officials were well-paid but were subject to severe punishment if found to be taking bribes. Account books were audited and even small discrepancies were punished. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes.

34 Market reforms and price control
Ala ud din Khilji's military ambitions required a standing and strong army, especially after the Mongol siege of Delhi. Maintaining a large army at regular salaries, however, would be severe drain on the treasury. A system of price controls reduced the salary amount that needed to be paid. Three separate markets were set up in Delhi. The first one for food grains, the second for cloth and items such as ghee, oil and sugar. The third market was horses, cattle, and slaves. Regulations were laid out for the operations of these markets. He took various steps to control the prices. He exercised supervisions over the market. He fixed the prices of all the commodities from top to bottom. Market officers called shahna were appointed to keep a check on the prices. The defaulters were heavily punished. Land revenue was fixed and the grain was stored in government granaries. These market regulations and stability of prices were the wonders of his age. The soldiers and the civil population were greatly benefitted from these measures due to the low prices of the essential goods.

35 Tax system The tax system introduced during the Khalji dynasty had a long term influence on Indian taxation system and state administration, Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (kharaj or mal) became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class. Death Alauddin died in January 1316, of oedema. It is believed that his lieutenant Malik Naib hastened his death. His tomb and madrasa dedicated to him, exists at the back of Qutb complex, Mehrauli, in Delhi Conclusion Alauddin Khalji holds a very significant place among the Sultans of Delhi. During his reign the supremacy of Khaljis was established in entire India. Sir Wolseley Haig has remarked, “With the reign of Alauddin begins what may be called the imperial period of Sultanate which lasted about half a century. Sultan Alauddin Khalji established a strong central government during his reign in which the Sultan was the head of the administration.

36 Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351)

37 Muhammad bin Tughlaq was well known for his wisdom and character
Muhammad bin Tughlaq was well known for his wisdom and character. People had a lot of expectations from him and he on the other hand, had the desire for more valuable contribution for his countrymen than his predecessors. That is why right from the beginning of his rule; he decided to take some bold reformative measures for the improvement as well as safeguard of the country. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq next to Alluddin Khilzi was the greatest sultan of Delhi who is best remembered for his bold experiments and innovative thought in the field of administration as well as in agriculture.

38 Administration Reform of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

39 1. Heavy taxation in the Doab:
In the beginning of his reign, the Sultan increased the rate of taxes in the Doab—a very fertile area located between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. The taxes were increased on account of the following reasons: (1) The Sultan wanted to raise a strong army for conquests. (2) The people of Doab were rich and were in a position to pay the increased taxes.

40 2.Transfer of the Capital:
The plan of the transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri which was renamed as Daultabad misfired. Following reasons are assigned to this transfer: (i) Devagiri was made the capital according to Barani as the new place was centrally located. The new capital had equal distance from Delhi, Gujarat, Lakhnauti, Tellanga, Dwarasamudra etc. (ii) Ibn Batuta is of the view that the people of Delhi wrote abusive letters to Muhammad Tughlaq. The Sultan, therefore, wanted to teach them a lesson by depriving them of the capital. The above view is also supported by Isami. (iii) Gardner Brown ascribes the reason of the transfer of capital as the constant danger of the Mongol’s attack at Delhi. (iv) There was a revolt of a great magnitude in the South and accord­ingly the Sultan desired to strengthen his position there.

41 3. Use of token currency: The Sultan needed more money on account of various reasons. He wanted to raise a huge army as he is said to have thought of conquering the whole world. He had also distributed a lot of money among nobles to please them when he ascended the throne after the death of his father which had occurred on account of his participation in a conspiracy. Muhammad Tughlaq issued token currency because there was a shortage of gold coins and the Sultan on the other hand needed money.

42 Coins of Tughlaq Dynasty

43 Copper Coins

44 4. Plan to conquer Khurasan Expedition:
The unstable political conditions in Central Asia encouraged the Sultan to undertake the expedition of conquering these territories. The Sultan raised a large army of about 4 lakh soldiers for this purpose and payed it one year’s salary in advance. In the meantime situation changed and the Sultan realized the futility of the scheme and disbanded the army.

45 Significace/Impact of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq Dynasty
1. Five failed plans of Muhammad Tughlaq namely: (a) Change of capital (b) Taxation of the Doab. (c) Issue of token currency. (d) Khurasan expedition (e) Bribing the Mongols. All these wild projects resulted in the loss of men and money and led to discontent against the Sultan. Several revolts took place during his reign which weakened the power and prestige of the Sultan.

46 2. Complex personality of Muhammad Tughlaq:
Muhammad Tughlaq has been called a mixture of opposites, an unbalanced personality and the wisest fool. He is accused of some measure of insanity. All these traits of his personality had an adverse affect on the functioning of the government.

47 3. Deccan policy of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq:
Unlike Ala-ud-Din Khalji, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq aimed at the annexation of the Kingdoms of Deccan. It is true that he shifted his capital from Delhi to Daultabad to exercise his control in the south but the scheme misfired and he was forced to change his decision. The Deccan policy of Muhammad Tughlaq led to the creation of the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar.

48 Conclusion

49 Unit 2

50 VIJAYNAGAR KINGDOM: ADMINISTRATION HISTORY PROJECT FILE GCG-11
SUBMITTED TO: Mr. PRAKASH SHARMA SUBMITTED By : SARLA CLASS : BA1 ROLL NO.:7433

51 FOUNDATION OF VIJAYNAGAR KINGDOM
Vijaynagar kingdom was one of the important kingdoms in the medieval Indian history. Vijaynagar Dynasty rules over India for 3 centuries. It is a history full of wars with Bahaman and other Muslim rulers of northern Deccan, collectively said as Deccan sultanates. Vijayanagara is in Bellary District of northern Karnataka. It is the name of the now-ruined capital city of the historic Vijayanagar Kingdom which extended over the southern part of India that included the territories of Mysore, Trichinopally, Karana, Pondicherry, Chingalpet and Kanchivaram. Two brothers Harihara (Hakka) I and Bukka Raya laid the foundation of the Vijaynagar city, which was on the South bank of Tungabhadra River near Anegudi Fortress. They were also known as Santana brothers. Vijaynagar Empire consolidated under Harihara I and began to expand and prosper under Bukka Raya which was more defensible and secure for its location between 14th and 16th century. It is said that a sage Madhav Vidyaranya and his brother Savanna were the inspirational source for this empire. The rulers were strict worshipers of the Hindu Gods and Goddess, but also tolerant towards the other religions. The emperors were great patrons of art and culture.

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53 VIJAYNAGAR ADMINISTRATION WELL ORGANISED
Vijayanagar empire which lasted for more than two hundred years in the Deccan had a well-organized administrative system. It was on account of this system that there was an all round prosperity in the state. Under the leadership of its several rulers, the state made a remarkable progress in the economic, cultural, political and social fields. Many foreigner visitors like Nicola (anti-ltalian), Abdul Razaq (Persian) and Domingo’s Pius (Portuguese) etc. have praised the prosperity of the state.

54 ADMNISTRATION Council of Ministers: Provincial administration:
The king was assisted by ministers who were nominated by the king. The ministers were appointed from the three classes i.e. The Brahmans, the Kshatriyas and the Vishay's. The office of the minister was sometimes hereditary. The three important key posts of the state were the Prime Minister, the Chief Treasurer and the Prefect of the Police. Rule of two rulers simultaneously. Sometimes two rulers ruled at the same time-a strange practice and perhaps the only one in history; Hari Har and his brother Bukka Rai ruled at the same time. Likewise Vijay Rai and Dev Rai ruled at the same time. Provincial administration: For purpose of administration, the empire was divided into 6 provinces. A province was called Prant, or Rajya. Each province was under a viceroy or Nayak who was either a member of the royal family or influential noble of the state. Every viceroy enjoyed civil, military and judiciary powers within the province. He was required to submit regularly account of the income and expenditure to the central government.

55 Nayankar system of administration:
Decentralized administration: The rulers of Vijayanagar a adopted the principle of the decentralization of political power. The empire was, divided into provinces prints, districts, ‘Nadus’, ‘Melagrams’ and ‘grams’. Administration of the villages was autonomous. Local administration: The province was divided into smaller units. The village was the smallest unit. It was self-sufficient. The village assembly (Panchayat) was responsible for the administration of the village. Village accountant and the village watchman were the hereditary officers. These officers were paid either by grants of land or from a portion of the agricultural produce. Nayankar system of administration: Under this system, the ruler assigned a land track to officials in lieu of pay i.e. for maintaining themselves and that of their army from the land track itself. These officials or land­lords provided military service to the ruler. Administration of justice: The king was the highest authority or the supreme court of justice. His word was final. Petitions were presented to the king or the Prime Minister by all those who had a grievance and these were disposed of according to the principles of Hindu Law. Punishments were very severe. Torture was used to find out the truth from the alleged culprit. Death sentence, mutilation of the limbs of the body and confiscation of property were the deterrent punishments for the criminals..

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57 Administration of Vijay nagar
The rulers of Vijay Nagar were great conquerors as well as competent administrators. They had enforced efficient system of administration at central, provincial and local levels. Their administration followed the pattern of Chola and Contemporary Bahmani Kingdom. The system was despotic in chaeacter but it had acquired the Feudalistic nature because of tax-free endowments to the feudal lords.

58 Central Adminstration
EMPEROR The rural of Vijay nagar were head of the central head of all powers. They excavate canal, dug out wells, and encourage agriculture. They were religious-minded. They tried to rule to the tenent of religions.

59 Central Cabinet A cabinet of 6 to 8 ministers was constitued for the help and advice to the king. The king welcomed the advice but it was not obligatory for him to accept it. The prominent ministers were:Prime ministers,Finance Ministers,Foreign Ministers and Commander of the Forces. Usually thet were picked out from amongest the Brahmans and Kshatriyas and vaishyas.

60 THE COURT The Vijay Nagar rulers were very about the royal dignity,glory decorum and discipline of their court. Their courts had the honour of having various nobles,high. Officials,priests,musicians,astrologers,scholars and literateurs. The record of royal orders was maintained in black and white.

61 PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
With a view to run the administration efficiently,the rulers of Vijay Nagar had divided their kingdom in many provinces. Only a close relative or a confidant of the king was appointed at this point. The Nayaka helped in the maintenance of peace and collection of land revenue in his proyince. He even acted as the judge in the province.He sent army for the help of the king during the time of war.Province was called Rajya,Mandal and Chavadi.

62 LAND REVENUE SYSTEM Land revenue was charged at the rate of to ½ to 1/6 of the total produce. Measurement and classification of land was also undertaken. Instead of cash salaries high government officials were awarded tax-free lands,the revenue of which went to their pockets. This gave rise to Feudalism in the South.Besides land revenue, govt. earned income from grazing tax, Octroi,marriage tax, and levy on manufactured goods.

63 JUDICIAL SYSTEM The smallest but the most important unit of Judiciary was the village panchayat. Besides the feudal lords and the provincial governors also decided the cases. The supreme court in the empire was the court of the king.The penal law was based on tradition.The penal code was rig0rous.The penalties like amputation,capital punishment,trampling under the feet of elephants and fines etc.were prevalent. The police was responsible for the arrest of the criminals.Thus,some rulers themselves were great scholars.

64 The rulers of Vijay Nagar had organised a vast army which comprised of infantry,cavalry naval force elephant force,artillery and provided the facility of weapon-training. They had a large permanent army. Well-bred horses were brought from Iran and Arab. There were 90,000 fully armed and skilful soldiers in the capital alone who could wield weapons efficiently. At the time of need,even provincial govt. supplied army.The permanent soldiers were paid salaries by the govt. after every four months.the feudal lords were given tax-free land to meet their expenses.

65 Babur’s Conquests and Causes of his Success

66 Two powerful kingdom of south
Bahmini Kingdom – was divided and ruled by five dynasties ie. Nizam Shahi over ahmednagar, Adil shahi over Bijapur, Bureed Shahi over Bidar, Imadshahi over Brar Katab Shai over Golcunda. The infghtinh among them continued weakening the kingdom Vijay Nagar – a powerful kingdom was ruled by Krishnan Deva Raya ( ) kingdom was on the path of progress a great soldier and conqueror, was patron of art and literature- well developed

67 Conquests of Babur Early attacks of Babur
First expedition (1519) attacked Bajouer and Bhera in west Punjab. Second Expedition (1519) attacked Peshaswar and returned. Third Expedition (1520) attacked Sialkot to regain Bhera and Bajour Fourth Expedition (1524 A.D.) Occupied Lahore, Dipalpr and Jullandhare. Fifth Expedition (1525 A.D ) Defeated Jats, Gujjars, Gakkhars and Daulat Khan Lodhi.

68 Battle of Panipat April. 21, 1526
Causes Babur highly ambitions Lack of Political stability in India. Invitation form Indian chiefs Indian wealth Incompetent and weak Delhi Ruler Ibrahim Lodhi. Babur living fanatic Events Indian and Mughal forces met at Panipat on 21st April, Babur won the battle. Mustafa and ustad Ali, the gunners of Babur played an important role. Babur captured Panipat, Delhi and Agra. Results End of Afghan Rule Foundation of Mughal Dynasty Downfall of Delhi Sultanate Use of Artillery became an important part of Indian Army Development of Indian culture and civilization End of Babur’s bad times War between Mughals and Rajput became inevitable Financial gains for Babur

69 Causes of the success of Babur
Well trained and alert Mughal army Military weaknesses of Lodhi’s army Opposition by Ibrahim’s own relatives Political instability in India Babur being experienced general Artillery wing of Babur Babur’s latest scientific tactics of war Loyalty of Babur’s army No Indian native state helped Ibrahim

70 Battle of Kanwaha March 16, 1527
Causes Allegations of Babur and Rana Sanga Stable empire possible after dominating Rajputs Rana Sanga was ambitious Rana Sanga’s alliance with Mahmud Lodhi Events Both armies met at kanwaha on March 16, 1527 Battle lasted for ten hours Babur Ultimately won the battle Results Babur became real ruler of India Rajput dignity and honor suffered Rajput states dream shattered Foundation of Mughal empire For Babur, Delhi became Political centre

71 Battle of Chanderi Jan, 1528 A.D.
Medni Rao, a chief of Rama Sanga, gathered 5,000 soldiers in chanderi fort. But fell flat before Mughal artillery on 20th Jan, 1528. Battle of Ghaghra May, 1529 A.D. Babur attacked the Afghan armies of Nusrat Shah and Mahmud Shah. In the battle, Babur finally won and signed a peace treaty with Nusrat Shah of Bengal. Importance of Babur’s Battle India saved from foreign invasions from north west. A strong and vast kingdom established Indian army got equipped with latest war tactics A new theory of kingship developed Development of Act and literature appeared possible India’s relations with foreign countries developed Development of Trade

72 Conclusion Babur was such a man who left behind him a hack on the pages of History. His inspiring work, heroic feats of arms, his dynamic personality and his literacy contributions shall always be remembered by posterity.

73 Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545)(Pashto: شېر شاه سوري‎) was the founder of the Sur Empire in North India, with its capital at Delhi. An ethnic Pashtun, Sher Shah took control of the Mughal Empire in After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor.He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Khan overan the state of Bengal and established the Sur dynasty. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself as a gifted administrator as well as a capable general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar, son of Humayun.

74 Early life and origin Sher Shah Suri was born as Farid Khan in the present day place Sasaram State Bihar India. His surname 'Suri' was taken from his Sur tribe . The name Sher (tiger) was conferred upon him when, as a young man, he killed a tiger.His grand father Ibrahim Khan Suri was a land lord (Jagirdar) in Narnaul area and represented Delhi rulers of that period. Mazar of Ibrahim Khan Suri still stands as a monument in Narnaul. Tarikh-i Khan Jahan Lodi (MS. p. 151). also confirm this fact. However, the online Encyclopædia Britannica states that he was born in Sasaram (Bihar), in the Rohtas district. He was one of about eight sons of Mian Hassan Khan Suri, a prominent figure in the government of Bahlul Khan Lodi. Sher Khan belonged to the Pashtun Sur tribe (the Pashtuns are known as Afghans in historical Persian language sources). His grandfather, Ibrahim Khan Suri, was a noble adventurer who was recruited much earlier by Sultan Bahlul Lodi of Delhi during his long contest with the Jaunpur Sultanate.

75 Conquest of Bihar and Bengal
Farid Khan started his service under Bahar Khan Lohani, the Mughal Governor of Bihar.Because of his valour, Bahar Khan rewarded him the title Sher Khan (Tiger Lord). After the death of Bahar Khan, Sher Khan became the regent ruler of the minor Sultan, Jalal Khan. Later sensing the growth Sher Shah's power in Bihar, Jalal sought assistance of Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, the independent Sultan of Bengal. Ghiyasuddin sent an army under General Ibrahim Khan. But, Sher Khan defeated the force at the battle of Surajgarh in 1534 after forming an alliance with Ujjainiya Rajputs.Thus he achieved complete control of Bihar. In 1538, Sher Khan attacked Bengal and defeated Ghiyashuddin Shah.But he could not capture the kingdom because of sudden expedition of Emperor Humayun. On June 26, 1539, Sher Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa and defeated him. Assuming the title Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shah, he defeated Humayun once again at Kannauj in May 1540 and forced him out of India.

76 Conquest of Malwa After the death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in 1537, Qadir Shah became the new ruler of Malwa Sultanate. He then turned for support towards the Rajput and Muslim noblemen of the Khilji rule of Malwa. Bhupat Rai and Puran Mal, sons of Raja Silhadi accepted service under the regime of Malwa in recognition of their interest in the Raisen region. By 1540, Bhupat Rai had died and Puran Mal had become the dominant force in eastern Malwa. In 1542, Sher Shah conquered Malwa without a fight and Qadir Shah fled to Gujarat. He then appointed Shuja'at Khan as the governor of Malwa who reorganised the administration and made Sarangpur the seat of Malwa's governmment. Sher Shah then ordered Puran Mal to be brought before him. Puran Mal agreed to accept his lordship and left his brother Chaturbhuj under Sher Shah's service. In exchange Sher Shah vowed to safeguard Puran Mal and his land. The Muslim women of Chanderi, which Sher Shah took under his rule, came to him and accused Puran Mal of killing their husbands and enslaving their daughters. They threatened to accuse the sultan on the Day of Resurrection if he did not avenge them.

77 Battle of Sammel In 1543, Sher Shah Suri with a huge force of 80,000 cavalry set out against Maldeo Rathore (a Rajput king of Marwar). Maldeo Rathore with an army of 50,000 cavalry advanced to face Sher Shah's army. Instead of marching to the enemy's capital Sher Shah halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of Jaitaran, ninety kilometers east of Jodhpur. After one month, Sher Shah's position became critical owing to the difficulties of food supplies for his huge army. To resolve this situation, Sher Shah resorted to a cunning ploy. One evening, he dropped forged letters near the Maldeo's camp in such a way that they were sure to be intercepted. These letters indicated, falsely, that some of Maldeo's army commanders were promising assistance to Sher Shah. This caused great consternation to Maldeo, who immediately (and wrongly) suspected his commanders of disloyalty. Maldeo left for Jodhpur with his own men, abandoning his commanders to their fate.

78 Government and administration
The system of tri-metalism which came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by Sher Shah. While the term rūpya had previously been used as a generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term rūpiya came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern rupee. Rupee is today used as the national currency in India, Indonesia, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka among other countries. Gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Dam were also minted by his government.

79 Sher Shah built monuments including Rohtas Fort (now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Pakistan), many structures in the Rohtasgarh Fort in Bihar, Sher Shah Suri Masjid, in Patna, built in 1540–1545 to commemorate his reign. He built a new city Bhera of Pakistan in 1545 and inside the city built historical grand Sher shah suri Masjid. Qila-i-Kuhna mosque, built by Sher Shah in 1541, at Purana Qila, Delhi, a Humayun citadel started in 1533, and later extended by him, along with the construction of Sher Mandal, an octagonal building inside the Purana Qila complex, which later served as the library of Humayun. Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi (History of Sher Shah), written by Abbas Khan Sarwani, a waqia-navis under later Mughal Emperor, Akbar around 1580, provides a detailed documentation about Sher Shah's administration.

80 Death and succession Sher Shah was killed on 13 May 1545 during siege of the Kalinjar fort of Rajputs. He was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan who took the title of Islam Shah Suri. His mausoleum, the Sher Shah Suri Tomb (122 ft high) stands in the middle of an artificial lake at Sasaram, a town that stands on the Grand Trunk Road.

81 CONCLUSION SHER SHAH SURI was a great con­queror, he was greater still as a ruler. He was the first Muslim ruler of India who displayed a real aptitude for civil government. His short rule was marked by many beneficent reforms in every branch of administration.

82 UNIT 3

83 AKBAR THE GREAT Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, popularly known as Akbar literally "the great"; 15 October 1542– 27 October 1605 and later Akbar the Great (Urdu: Akbar-e-Azam; literally "Great the Great") was Mughal Emperor from 1556 until his death. He was the third and one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Dynasty in India. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. In order to preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strived to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to himself as an emperor who had near-divine status.

84 Struggle for North India
Akbar, who had been born in 1542 while his father, Humayun, was in flight from the victorious Surs, was only thirteen when he was proclaimed emperor in His father had succeeded in regaining control of the Punjab, Delhi, and Agra with Safavid support, but even in these areas Mughal rule was precarious, and when the Surs reconquered Agra and Delhi following the death of Humayun, the fate of the boy emperor seemed uncertain. Akbar's minority and the lack of any possibility of military assistance from the Mughal stronghold of Kabul, that was at this time in the throes of an invasion by the ruler of Badakhshan, Prince Mirza Suleiman, aggravated the situation.

85 Conquest of Rajputana Having established Mughal rule over northern India, Akbar turned his attention to the conquest of Rajputana. No imperial power in India based on the Indo-Gangetic plains could be secure if a rival centre of power existed on its flank in Rajputana. The Mughals had already established domination over parts of northern Rajputana in Mewar, Ajmer, and Nagor. Now, however, Akbar was determined to drive into the heartlands of the Rajput kings that had never previously submitted to the Muslim rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. Beginning in 1561, the Mughals actively engaged the Rajputs in warfare and diplomacy.Most Rajput states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; the ruler of Mewar, Udai Singh, however, remained outside the imperial fold. Raja Udai Singh was descended from the Sisodia ruler, Rana Sanga, who had died fighting Babur at the Battle of Khanwa in 1527.As the head of the Sisodia clan, he possessed the highest ritual status of all the Rajput kings and chieftains in India. Unless Udai Singh was reduced to submission, the imperial authority of the Mughals would be lessened in Rajput eyes. Furthermore, Akbar, at this early period, was still enthusiastically devoted to the cause of Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over the most prestigious warriors in Brahminical Hinduism.

86 Jodha Bai There is a popular perception that the wife of Akbar, mother of Jahangir, was also known as "Jodha Bai". Her name as in Mughal chronicles was Mariam-uz-Zamani. Tuzk-e-Jahangiri, the autobiography of Jahangir, doesn't mention Jodha Bai nor Harka Bai or Heer Kunwari.Therein, she is referred to as Mariam-uz-Zamani.[Neither the Akbarnama (a biography of Akbar commissioned by Akbar himself), nor any historical text from the period refer to her as Jodha Bai.[ According to Professor Shirin Moosvi, a historian of Aligarh Muslim University, the name "Jodha Bai" was first used to refer to Akbar's wife in the 18th and 19th centuries in historical writings.According to the historian Imtiaz Ahmad, the director of the Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library in Patna, it was Lieutenant-Colonel James Tod who first mentioned Jodhabai in his book Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. "In the Akbarnama, there is a mention of Akbar marrying a Rajput princess of Amer but her name is not Jodhaa," says historian and director of the Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library, Imtiaz Ahmad in Patna. She is referred to as Mariam Zamani (Mary of the Age). This is a title and not a name. It further says that Mariam Zamani is a title referred to the lady who gave birth to Prince Salim, who became Emperor Jehangir. But the name Jodha is not mentioned anywhere. Professor N R Farooqi, a historian of Allahabad Central University, states that Jodha Bai was not the name of Akbar's queen instead it was the name of Jahangir's wife Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani the Princess of Jodhpur, whose real name was Jagat Gosain.

87 DEATH On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on or about 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra. Seventy-six years later, in 1691, a group of austere Hindu rebels known as the Jats, rebelling against the Mughal Empire robbed the gold, silver and fine carpets within the tomb, desecrated Akbar's mausoleum.

88

89 INTRODUCTION The Mansabdari system was the core of foundation of administrative system of the Mughal Empire introduced by Akbar in CE. The word mansab is of Arabic origin meaning rank or position. The system , hence , determined the of a government officials. Every civil or military officer was given a ’mansab’ and different numbers which could be divided by ten were used for ranking officers. It was a system where by nobles were granted by rights to hold a Jagir , which meant revenue assignments for services rendered by them but the authority bestowed upon them was not unbridled but with the direct control of these nobles in the hands of the king. Abul Fazal has mentioned 66 grades of mansabdars but in practice there were not more than 33mansabs. During the early reign of Akbar, the lowest grade was ten and the highest was 5,000.

90 ZAT OR SAWAR During later years of his reign, Akbar introduced the rank of ’ Zat ’ and ‘ sawar ’ in the Mansabdari system . Different views are expressed regarding this terms. Every mansbdars had to maintain as many soldiers a indicated by his rank of ‘ Zat ’ while the rank of ‘ sawar ’ indicated the number of horsemen among them. -No. of Sawar = No. of Zat => 1st class Mansabdars -No. of Sawar =1/2 the No. of Zat => 2nd class Mansabdars -No. of Sawar <1/2 the No. of Zat => 3rd class Mansabdars Mansabdars were graded on the number of armed cavalrymen, or sowars , which each had to maintain for service in the imperial army.

91 FEATURES OF MANSABDARI SYSTEM
The king himself appointed the mansabdars . He could enhance the mansab , lower it and remove it. A mansabdars could be asked to perform any civil or military service. There were 33 categories of the mansabdars . The lowest mansabdars commanded 10 soldiers and the highest soldiers . Only the princes of the royal family and most important Rajput rulers were given a mansab of 10,000. A mansabdars was paid his salary in cash. The mansabdars system was not hereditary. The horses were classified into six categories and elephants into five.

92 MERITS OF MANSABDARI SYSTEM
Mansabdari system put an end to the old jagirdari system. Since a mansabdari was appointed on the basis of his ability, it brought efficiency in military organization. The system put large force at the disposal of the Mughal emperors. 4. The success of the system enabled Akbar and the Mughal rulers to expand their dominion. 5. Since the property of the mansabdrs was escheated after their death , they did not resort to fraudulent practices. 6. The enrollment of soldiers of various communities in the army of mansabdars created a feeling of nationalism among them.

93 Causes of the Decline of Mughal Empire
Introduction Rise and fall are the two aspects of life. The same can be said about the Mughal Empire which was laboriously founded by Babar and was gloriously built and strengthened by Akbar and Jahangir by their successful military achievement and administrative policies and occupied the place of pride; which rightfully claimed to be the golden age of Indian history during the reign of Shahjahan and was called the greatest Mughal Empire in the world. Several factors such as; factionalism in the Mughal court, absence of a fixed law of succession, weak successor of Aurangzeb, weak army, financial bankruptcy, weakness of central power, Rajputs and Marathas to attend independence, the invasion of Nadir shah and Ahmedshah Abdali contributed in bringing down the decline of Mughal Empire, the last nail was hammered in its coffin by the British East India Company, when in 1857AD. The captured the last Mughal Emperor Bhadur Shah Zafar and banished him to Rangoon. He died their in 1863AD.

94 MUGHAL EMPEROR AFTER AURANGZEB, 1707-1740AD
Bahadur Shah A.D Jahandar Shah A.D Farrukh Siyar A.D Rafi-ud-darajat and Rafi-ud-daula 1719 A.D Sayyed Brothers Mohammad Shah A.D Later Mughal Emperors

95 Responsibility of Auranzeb for the downfall of Mughal Empire
Religious Intolerance Over –centralized Administration Man of the Doubtful Nature Unwise Rajput Policies Foolish Deccan Policies Lack of Public Welfare Activities Aurangzeb narrow outlook towards the Empire Responsibility of Auranzeb for the downfall of Mughal Empire

96 Causes: MORAL DECADENCE OF LATER MUGHAL RULERS, NOBELS AND FORCES
Incapable later Mughal Rulers Decline of Nobility Decline in the moral of the Mughal Army RESPONSIBILITY OF SHAHJAHAN AND AURANGZEB Shahjahan’s Responsibility Aurangzeb Unwise Policies Religious Intolerance of Aurangzeb Aurangzeb and Non-Sunnis Aurangzeb Deccan Policy Aurangzeb Rajput Policy Aurangzeb Doubtful Nature No training to his sons

97 INTERNAL REVOLTS AND RISE OF INDEPENDENT MUSLIM STATES
Revolts and conspiracies Rise of Independent Muslim States INHERENT DEFECT AND DECADANCE OF MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION Nature of Mughal Government No fixed law of succession Mughal Government A Police State Defect in Mansabdari System Lack of Navy Financial Bankruptcy Lack of Nation Building Vastness of Mughal Empire Mughal Government An Alien One

98 THE FOREIGN POWERS HASTENED THE FALL OF THE MUGHALS
RISE OF LOCAL POWERS The Rajputs The Marathas The Sikhs The Jats THE FOREIGN POWERS HASTENED THE FALL OF THE MUGHALS Effect of Nadir Shah Invasion Invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali ( ) A.D Rise of Power of British East India Company OTHER MISCELLANEOUS REASONS Factionalism in the Mughal Court Effect of Religious Reformer Personal Interest and Ambition Causes Concerning Climate

99 Conclusion: It is clear that there was no single cause or ruler responsible for the decline of the Mughal Empire in India. Its downfall was the collective result of several causes undoubtedly, its decline had started during the reign of the Shahjahan, However, Aurangzeb prevented its rapid degeneration. After this death, its decline became imminent. His weak successor failed to safeguard this vast Empire; so it was shattered to pieces

100 UNIT 4

101 Topic= Conquests of Shivaji

102 INTRODUCTION The growth of Maratha power under the command of Shivaji during the 17th century is a noteworthy event in the history of India . Before the advent of Shivaji on political Scenario, it was under the dominion of Muslim rulers if Golcunda and Bijapur. However they liberated themselves from the yoke in the middle of the 17th century. After the death of Shivaji his successors empire spread their tentacles in large part of India. Some of the historians think that marathas were the political heirs of the Mughals.

103 CONQUESTS OF SHIVAJI Shivaji organized a small army of the youth and began his military career in 1646 A.D. He was just 19yers old that time. First of all he captured the Tarna fort. Encouraged by his success, he conquered the fort of Raigarh . Having captured the two fort , Shivaji had consolidated his position. He acquired the fort at Poona also after the death of Dadaji. By now shivaji had strengthened himself militarily and diverted his mind to the forts of Parndhar and kaudana , which fell into his laps very easily. He also captured the kalyan town. Shivaji was no longer deemed to be an ordinary person after this conquest. Shivaji growing power become a challenge to the rulers of Bijapur.

104 ARREST OF SHAHJI IN THE WINNING SPREE(1649-55a.d.)
With a view to clip the wings of Shivaji’s power, and to obstruct his mission, the bijapur ruler arrested his father, Shahji Bhosle. Being an obedient son, Shivaji worked out the release of his father for which he had to suspend his conquest for some time. He reach an accord with the sultan of Bijapur that he would not attack his territory.

105 RESTARTING OF CONQUESTS
The Bijapur sultan died in 1605A.D. after which Shivaji resumed his military activities. Assassinating Chander Rai, the king of Jawali, he occupied strategic fort. Soon after, he captured Supa. Realising the rapid growth of shivaji’s power, the young ruler of bijapur , Adil Shah became worried and decided to curb the power of Shivaji.

106 SHIVAJI AND AFZAL KHAN 1656A.D.
The ruler of Bijapur deputed his famous general Afzal Khan to eliminate Shivaji’s power and issued order not to come back without attaining success in their mission . Being a hot headed general, Afzal Khan promised that he would present the head of Shivaji to the king. He advanced towards Shivaji but soon realized that it was not possible to defeat shivaji in the hilly terrain. He resorted to mischief. He devised a plan of inviting Shivaji for negotiation during which he could be executed treacherously. Shivaji equally matched him in shrewdness. At the message of negotiation he realized that something was wrong at the bottom . He became alert. He armoured himself and hid a tiger claw under his clothes.

107 Bhakti movement

108 Meaning Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious movement which became prominent in the Mediaeval period. It advocated the way of Bhakti to attain God and salvation. Salvation or freedom from the bondage of birth and death can be attained by three different methods viz. Gyan(Knowledge) Karma (Action) Bhakti(Devotion)

109 Origin and evolution of Bhakti Movement
Some western writers hold that the Bhakti Movement in India originated due to the influence of Christianity. But this view does not seem to be correct. These are the following causes of the origin of the Bhakti Movement. Evil Practices of the Hindus. In ancient India , Hinduism enjoyed a high place among the religions of the world. But during the medieval period, Hinduism lost its pristine purity and grandeur, and many evils crept in it. Empty ritual practices, customs and ceremonies had taken the place of true religion. They ardently preached the path of devotion or Bhakti to eradicate the evils of Hinduism and to reform it. Influence of Vaishnavism. The Gupta period witnessed the origin of Vaishnavism. Vaishnavites worshipped Vishnu and its incarnations, such as, Vasudeva, Rama, Vaman, Matsya, and later on, Buddha was also considered as incarnations of Vishnu. After the Gupta Age, Vaishnavism also flourished in South India. Gradually, Vaishnavism spread in the whole of India.

110 Emergence of Great Reformers
Emergence of Great Reformers. To the good fortune of Hinduism, during the medieval period, many prominent Bhakti reformers were born in different parts of India. All the Bhakti reformers severely condemned the evils in the Hindu society and preached the path of love and devotion to God. It was solely due to their efforts that the Bhakti movement became popular all over the country. Fear of the Spread of Islam. Before the coming of Islam in India, the Bhakti reformers had failed to attract the common people. The Muslim rulers attempted to forcibly convert the Hindus to Islam. It attracted the low caste Hindus to Islam. Under such Circumstances, The Bhakti Movement originated to protect Hinduism from extinction.

111 Salient Features. Some of the well known religious reformers who adopted the cult of Bhakti to fight against the danger of Islam and the Brahmanical tyranny were Ramanand, Kabir, Sadna and Guru Nanak Dev. They all differed here and there in details, they all were unanimous in emphasising the fundamentals of the Bhakti cult which are as under:- Belief in One god No belief in Rituals Bhakti or Emotional Worship Good Deeds Universal Brotherhood Condemned Idolatory Atma and Paramatma Opposed the Caste System Guru,s Role Self Surrener or kill ego

112

113 Effects of Bhakti Movement
The Bhakti Movement was one of the greatest socio-religious reform movements in the Indian history. Its spread all over India and had far-reaching political, economic and social effects. Religious Impact Saved Hinduism Lowered the Prestige of the Brahmans Places of Pilgrimage Increased Emergence of Sikhism

114 Prominent Bhakti Reformers
Guru Nanak was the founder of Bhkati Movement in the Punjab which continued under his nine successors. The name of the religion founded by him is Sikhism. Reformers of Bhakti Movement were Ramanuja belonged to south, Ramananda belonged to north, Chaitanya belonged to East(Bengal) and Namdev belonged to west(Maharashtra).

115 TOPIC-SUFISM

116 SUFISM Sufi movement is a reformatory movement which was inspired by the chief doctrine of purging the Islam of its evils, concept of noble moral life and reverential devotion to Allah. “Soofa” means black coloured woollen cloth. Since the saints and fakirs used black blankets, the movement came to be known as Sufi movement. Another view holds that since they worshipped God, Squatting on ‘Soofa’, they came to be known as Sufis. Still another view is that those homeless persons were called Sufis who took shelter on ‘Suf’ or the ‘platform’ outside the Mosque constructed by Prophet Muhammad at Madina and led a simple and pious life. Some scholars consider Sufis to be related to the Arab Sufi community. Still another view is that the word ‘Sufi’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Sophia’ which means knowledge. Sufism originated in Iran. Sufism advocates that the same relationship exists between a man and Allah (God) as the one which exists between a lover and beloved.

117 ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF SUFISM:
Sufisim was a reformatory movement initiated by the mystic Muslim saints and Pirs to denounce the superstitions, pleasure-seeking and religious rituals of traditional and orthodox Muslims. It originated in the 15th century. The earliest Sufi saints e.g. a woman saint Rabia (death 8th century) and Mansur-Bin Hijaz emphasized the sacred attachment between Allah and Human beings. A Sufi Saint appointed his successor who carried forward his task. Some scholars find an influence of Vedic philosophy, Hindu Yogis and Buddhism on Sufi Saints in their system of founding Ashrams (Khankaah), penance, abstinence, fast and exercise. While others consider Quran to be the basis of Sufi philosophy. There were mainly two sects of Sufis. Ba-Shar-Sufis who followed Shar or Islamic code. The others were Be-Shar Sufis who remained detached from Shar or Islamic code and doctrine.

118 DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF SUFISM:
Various Sufi-sects were prevalent in North-India. A sect means a branch of Sufism based on the teachings and followers of a Sufi-fakir. During the era of Delhi Sultanate, there were two chief sects of Sufis e.g. Chishti sect of Khwaja Moiuddin Chishti of Ajmer and Sohrawardi sect of Makhdum Baha-ud-din Zakariya of Multan. The Sufi saints belonging to his order were Sheikh Kutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, Sheikh Farid of Pak Pattan, Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi and Sheikh Nasir-uddin Chirag-e-Rah. Sheikh Auliya’s name deserves a special mention. His successor Khusro had presented Five Lakh tanks to Auliya Sahib, which he distributed among the poor. During 15th century India, two new Sufi sects came into existence because Shah-Abdulla Shatari of Mandu and Sayyed Gaus of Ucch. The sects were respectively known as Shatari and Kadri orders.

119 TEACHINGS OF SUFISM Worship of God and to lead a life of asceticism and restraints. They thought God to be omni-present and omni-potent and belived in monotheism. They enthused the people to have love for fellow human beings. They were not rigid like Ulemas and Sunni Musalmans. They preached Hindu-Muslim unity and brotherhood of man. They firmly believed in Ashram system, fast, meditation and self-restraint. Music and dance were necessary to be completely rapt in the meditation of God.

120 EFFECTS OF SUFISM It revamped the movement of reform of Islam.’
The Sufi Saints preached brotherhood of man. For them, there was no difference between the Hindus and Muslims. Sufi Pirs were liberal and were opposed to religious bigotry. Sufi-Saints composed in Udru which encouraged the use of regional languages. Sufi-saints preached a life of renunciation and helping the poor and the wretched. Sufism laid emphasis on Music for the reverential worship of God and his attainment. The khankahs of Sufi saints e.g. tomb of Chishti at Ajmer, and the tombs of Nizamuddin Auliya and other Pirs in Delhi became places of pilgrimage for their followers. The architecture of the tombs of Sufi Pirs reveals a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim art.

121 PROMINENT SUFI SAINTS Khawaja Mouddin Chishti Khwaja Qutubuddin Sheikh Farid Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya

122 IMPORTANT HISTORICAL PLACES OF MEDIVAL INDIA

123


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