2. PHYSICS Introduction

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4. Mass  The measure of a body’s inertia m M

5. Inertia  The resistance to any change in a body’s motion. m M

6. Weight  The amount of gravitational force acting on a body.

7. Force  A push or pull on a body f N F W

8. FORCESTRENGTHRANGEGRAVITATIONWEAK VERY LONG ELECTRO- MAGNETIC INTERMEDIATEINTERMEDIATE WEAKNUCLEARSTRONGSHORT STRONG NUCLEAR VERY STRONG VERY SHORT

9. ENERGY  THE CAPACITY TO DO MECHANICAL WORK

10. KINETIC ENERGY  THE ENERGY A BODY HAS DUE TO ITS MOTION

11. POTENTIAL ENERGY  THE ENERGY A BODY HAS DUE TO ITS POSITION OR CONFIGURATION

12. THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY  THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN A CLOSED SYSTEM IS CONSTANT. Σ E i = Σ E f

13. FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES BASIC MEASUREMENTS FROM WHICH ALL OTHERS ARE DERIVED. Mass [M] Electric Charge [Q] Length [L] Luminous Intensity [I] Time [T] Temperature [t 0 ] Amount of substance [N]

14. DERIVED QUANTITIES Speed [L] / [T] Acceleration [L] / [T] 2 Area [L] 2 Volume [L] 3 Density [M] / [L] 3 Force [M][L] / [T] 2

15. SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT ARE DEFINED BY THE UNITS USED SystemQuantityFPSMKS(SI)CGS Length Foot (ft) Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) MassSlug-derived- Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Time Second (s) Force Pound (lb) Newton (N) -derived-Dyne-derived-

16. METRIC PREFIXES Giga (G) 10 9 Deci (d) 10 -1 Mega (M) 10 6 Centi (c) 10 -2 Kilo (K) 10 3 Milli (m) 10 -3 Hecto (H) 10 2 Micro (μ) 10 -6 Deka (Da) 10 1 Nano (n) 10 -9 {basic unit} 10 0 Pico (p) 10 -12

17. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN CONVERSIONS{_______} 6.0 ft = _____ in 6.0 ft ( ) = 72 in 12 in 1 ft 4.2 oz = _____ lb 4.2 oz ( ) = 0.26 lb 1 lb _ 16 oz Numerator equals denominator

18. MORE D. A. 6.0 min = _____hr 6.0 min ( ) = 0.10 hr 1 hr 60 min 7.0 days = _____ s 7.0 days ( ) ( ) ( )= 604,800 s 24 hr 1 day 60 min 1 hr 60 s 1 min

19. TRY THESE CONVERSIONS 1 mile = _____in 12 ft 2 = ______in 2 100 in 3 = ______ft 3 25 mile/hr = _____ft/s

20. METRIC CONVERSIONS 15 m = _____cm 230,000,000 μg =_____g 25 m 2 = _____km 2 11 g/cm 3 = _____kg/m 3

21. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Significant figures are those digits in a measurement that are known with certainty PLUS the first digit that is uncertain (estimated). Significant figures are those digits in a measurement that are known with certainty PLUS the first digit that is uncertain (estimated). I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 23 24 25 The digits 23.6 are known for certain --- the next digit is estimated to be 0.03 --- record your measurement as 23.63

22. More Measurements --10- --9- --8- --7- --6- --5 I I I I I I I I I I I I 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 I I I I I I I I I I I I 60 70 80 90 100 110

23. Mathematical Operations with Sig Figs ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION The place holder of your last significant digit is determined by your least precise measurement. The least precise measurement will have its last significant digit furthest to the left. 2500.8 mg + 20,279 mg + 0.8765 mg = 22,781 mg

24. Mathematical Operations with Sig Figs Multiplication and Division That measurement having the fewest number of significant figures determines the number of significant figures in the answer. 20,400 ft/s X 2.0 s = 41,000 ft 2,500,000 g 500.0 cm 3 =5000 g/cm 3

25. ROUNDING If the number following the last significant digit is greater than 5, round up. 0.007892600 rounds to0.007893 0.007892501 rounds to0.007893 If the number following the last significant digit is less than 5, round down. 0.007892400 rounds to0.007892 (note that it is more than half-way between 2 and 3)

26. ROUNDING If the number following the last significant digit is exactly 5, round so that the last significant figure is even. 0.007892500 rounds to0.007892 0.007897500 rounds to0.007898 This method prevents experimental results from being skewed up or down.

27. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Format :M X 10 n M is a decimal number having a single non-zero digit to the left of the decimal. n is the integer exponent on the 10. {NOTE : M only contains the significant digits} NOTE : Positive n a value > 1 Negative n a value < 1 {}

28. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION EXAMPLES 570,300,000 cm = 5.703 X 10 8 cm 0.000 002 05 g = 2.05 X 10 -6 g ( see more practice on page 20 of your text )

29. Adding/subtracting using Sci Not (1) Convert all numbers to make exponents all agree with the largest. (if needed) (2) Add/subtract the coefficients normally. (3) Convert back to scientific notation. (if needed)

30. Multiplying/dividing using Sci Not (a) Mult/div coefficients normally. (b) ADD exponents if multiplying. SUBTRACT exponents if dividing. (c) Convert back to scientific notation. (if needed)

31. Practice Problems 5.36 X10 -1 kg - 7.40 X10 -2 kg 5.36 X10 -1 kg - 0.740 X10 -1 kg X10 -1 kg4.62 _3.0 X10 5 g___ 9.0 X10 -2 cm 3 = 3.0 9.0 X 10 5 10 -2 X g cm 3 0.33 X 10 7 _g_ cm 3 _g_ cm 3 = 3.3 x 10 6

32. GRAPHS Line graphs – used to show the relationship between two quantities when there is a mathematical relationship between them. Direct proportion → straight line Inverse proportion → hyperbolaQuadratic relationship → parabola

33. Go to Lab Reports Graphing & Error Analysis