1. British Society for the Philosophy of Science School of Computing & Technology, University of Sunderland. Physics Dept., Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Calcutta Mathematical Society. Imperial College, LONDON LONDON: 8th -11 SEPTEMBER, 2006 The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola, Suntola Consulting Ltd., Finland tuomo.suntola@sci.fi Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory X

2. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20062 The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy 1. The Dynamic Universe: Zero energy balance in spherically closed space 2. Conservation of total energy in space - buildup of local mass centers - motion in local energy frames - effective mass, internal mass and the Mach’s principle - the effect of motion and gravitation on atomic oscillators - electromagnetic resonator as an energy object - the local state of rest 3.Summary: from inertial observers frames to energy system based frames

3. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20063 The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy 1. The Dynamic Universe: Zero energy balance in spherically closed space 2. Conservation of total energy in space - buildup of local mass centers - motion in local energy frames - effective mass, internal mass and the Mach’s principle - the effect of motion and gravitation on atomic oscillators - electromagnetic resonator as an energy object - the local state of rest 3.Summary: from inertial observers frames to energy system based frames PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20063

4. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20064 A basic assumption in the Dynamic Universe is that space is spherically closed through the fourth dimension … … with, initially, all mass uniformly distributed in the surface of a 4-sphere … … due to gravitation and the spherical symmetry, a shrinkage force towards the center of the structure is created …

5. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20065 R" dM m The inherent form of gravitational energy applied in homogeneous 4-sphere is assumed to be directly proportional to the inverse of distance like in Newtonian gravitation … … the integrated gravitational energy of mass m in such a structure is equal to the gravitational energy due to mass equivalence M” in the center of the 4-sphere … D

6. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20066 m M" The inherent form of the energy of motion is defined as E m =v|p| like the energy of electromagnetic radiation The dynamics of the structure is determined by a zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation in the fourth dimension…

7. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20067 m M" … applying the known Hubble radius and mass density of space … The inherent form of the energy of motion is defined as E m =v|p| like the energy of electromagnetic radiation The dynamics of the structure is determined by a zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation in the fourth dimension…

8. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20068 m M" … we get … applying the known Hubble radius and mass density of space … The inherent form of the energy of motion is defined as E m =v|p| like the energy of electromagnetic radiation The dynamics of the structure is determined by a zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation in the fourth dimension…

9. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 20069 Energy of gravitation Energy of motion Time  ContractionExpansion     … the zero-energy dynamics means that the energy of motion in the fourth dimension is obtained in a contraction phase before a singularity and will be paid back to gravitation in the ongoing expansion phase …

10. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200610 time … which shows the rest energy of mass, as the energy of motion mass has due to the motion of space in the fourth dimension … … balanced with the gravitational energy of the structure …

11. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200611 … for maintaining the zero-energy balance, the velocity of expansion and, accordingly, the rest energy of matter is decreasing in the course of the expansion while working against the gravitation of the structure … time … the prediction for the redshift – magnitude dependence in decelerating, spherically closed space is in a complete agreement with recent supernova observations …

12. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200612 The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy 1. The Dynamic Universe: Zero energy balance in spherically closed space 2. Conservation of total energy in space - buildup of local mass centers - motion in local energy frames - effective mass, internal mass and the Mach’s principle - the effect of motion and gravitation on atomic oscillators - electromagnetic resonator as an energy object - the local state of rest 3.Summary: from inertial observers frames to energy system based frames

13. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200613 Im 0 Re 0 m In a state of rest in homogeneous space mass m has momentum in the fourth dimension only… … and the gravitational energy arises from mass uniformly distributed in space represented by mass equivalence M” in the center of the 4-sphere … M"M" R"0R"0 homogeneous space

14. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200614 Accumulation of mass centers in space result in free fall and the corresponding momentum p ff … … conservation of the total momentum and the total energies of motion and gravitation are obtained by local tilting of space … M Im 0  M"M" R"0R"0 m R"R" R

15. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200615 Im  … the rest energy of mass in tilted space is reduced due to the reduced imaginary velocity and momentum … M m R"R" Re  R … removal of mass M from the spherical symmetry results in a reduction in the gravitational energy E”g(  ) … which allows solving the tilting angle in terms of the local gravitational state …

16. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200616 Im Im  Re  m Due to the reduction in the internal momentum, clocks in tilted space, close to mass centers, run slower than clocks further away from the mass center …

17. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200617 Hypothetical homogeneous space M1M1 M2M2 M3M3 R1R1 In real space accumulation of mass centers occurs in many steps resulting in a nested structure of local gravitational frames Apparent homogeneous space for M 2 energy frame Apparent homogeneous space for M 3 energy frame PIRT IX, London, 3-6 September, 200417 In each frame the local tilting is related to space in the parent frame, the apparent homogeneous space of the local frame … … and the local velocity of light in the n:th frame is Resulting in gravitation dependence in the rest energy

18. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200618 The total momentum p' (  ) of an object moving at velocity  = v/c in space is the vector sum of the momentum the object has in the fourth dimension at rest, and the momentum related motion in space at velocity  Im Re and the corresponding total energy

19. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200619 Im Re The share mc in the total momentum can be identified as the “turned” rest momentum which has a real component in the direction of velocity v, which has been obtained against a reduction in the imaginary component of the rest momentum of the moving object

20. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200620 Im Re … which allows the expression of momentum p' (  ) in form … which is the same form as the expression of momentum in special relativity … but without anything to do with Lorentz transformation or relativity principle …

21. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200621 For studying the conservation of energy, we express the change in the total momentum in terms of the increase in mass supplied in the local frame Im Re … resulting in kinetic energy … essentially identical to the kinetic energy in special relativity

22. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200622 Im Re (r) What special relativity does not disclose, is the internal momentum which has an important role as the momentum available for the rest energy within a sub- frame in moving object … Im Re Combining the effects in all the nested frames, the locally available mass can be expressed in terms of velocities in each of the nested frames …

23. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200623 Re A reduction in the internal momentum reduces the frequency of clocks in a moving frame … in addition to the reduction due to motion in the parent frame … Im n Re Im n+1

24. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200624 … which can be interpreted as a quantitative interpretation of Mach’s principle … The reduction of the internal energy due to the reduction of internal mass describes the work done against the gravitation in the imaginary direction … Im Re E’=c 0 p'  E” E* EIEI c 0 mc  E”

25. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200625 Hypothetical homogeneous space … instead of frames fixed to inertial observers, the Dynamic Universe describes space as a structured system of nested energy frames … … where universal time and distance applies, … … the local state of rest is an attribute of the local frame, … … relativity is an implication of the conservation of the zero-energy balance in the system, … … which appears as a reduction of the locally available rest energy

26. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200626 For a further study of the conservation of mass and energy … … we remove the hidden velocity of light from the “standard” Planck constant … … as confirmed from Maxwell’s equations the intrinsic Planck constant obtains the form h 0 = h/c [kg  m] A unified expression of energies results: B q2q2 q1q1 r icic F EM icic icic c Rest energy of matter Coulomb energy Energy of radiation

27. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200627 Balmer’s equation for the characteristic frequency obtains the form showing that the characteristic frequency is directly proportional to the local velocity of light … and … as a result, the measured velocity of light remains constant

28. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200628 For motion in a local frame the wavelength can be related to the wavelength at rest in the same frame as Balmer’s equation for the characteristic wavelength obtains the form … showing the wavelength is independent of the velocity of light …

29. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200629 Im Electromagnetic resonator can be studied as a local rest frame for the standing wave created by opposite waves in the resonator … the wavelength of the opposite waves are equal to the internal wavelength determined by velocity  of the frame

30. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200630 Im … the resulting momentum of electromagnetic radiation in the resonator is the sum of the momentums of the waves in opposite directions …

31. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200631 Im … the external momentums of electromagnetic radiation measured in the parent frame from radiation from each endplates of the resonator are subject to Doppler effect … … the wavelength of radiation emitted in the direction of velocity beta is shortening … … the wavelength of radiation emitted in the opposite direction is increasing …

32. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200632 Im... the sum of the external momentums is equal to the external momentum of any mass object m moving at velocity  in its parent frame … showing the increase of effective mass … just like the increase of effective mass for any mass object …

33. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200633 Any local frame can be equally regarded as a mass object m eff moving at velocity  in the parent frame, or mass m I at rest in the frame moving with the object … … it means, that the price paid for the local state of rest is the reduced internal mass of the object in the moving frame … Im R" M" m eff Im R" M" mImI

34. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200634 Im R" M" m eff Im R" M" mImI... this is also the case for electromagnetic frames like resonators or the Michelson – Morley interferometer … resulting in zero result at the internal wavelength …

35. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200635 1. The Dynamic Universe: Zero energy balance in spherically closed space 2. Conservation of total energy in space - buildup of local mass centers - motion in local energy frames - effective mass, internal mass and the Mach’s principle - the effect of motion and gravitation on atomic oscillators - electromagnetic resonator as an energy object - the local state of rest 3.Summary: from inertial observers frames to energy system based frames The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy

36. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200636 … as a result, a holistic, unifying picture of the universe and the observed physical phenomena is obtained … The Dynamic Universe means shift from inertial observer’s frames to energy system based frames … … inertial observer’s frames have long tradition …

37. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200637 Ptolemaic Earth and Heaven Ptolemaic astronomy described observations relative to the observer at rest on the Earth. For describing the planetary orbits a system of epicycles was needed. Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. 90 – c. 168)

38. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200638 The Copernican Solar system Copernican astronomy described planets as objects orbiting the Sun, which meant that the observer was moving with the moving Earth. Such a holistic view created basis to a practical understanding of the system and the celestial mechanics behind the motions. Nicolaus Copernicus [Mikołaj Kopernik] (1473 – 1543)

39. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200639 Kepler found the mathematics in Copernicus’ planetary systems … Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)

40. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200640 Sir Isaac Newton, (1643 – 1727) … and Newton the physics behind Kepler’s equations, … Further, … … Newton formulated the concept of gravitation, … … and the laws of motion …

41. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200641 Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) … which were fixed to inertial observer’s frames following Galileo Galilei’s relativity …

42. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200642 Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) … Einstein extended the use of Galilean – Newtonian relativity and the observer oriented inertial frames … … by redefining the concepts of coordinate quantities, time and distance …

43. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200643 The roots of energy system based frames of reference and the zero-energy principle were laid down by Gottfried Leibniz in late 1600’s by proposing that … … the buildup of vis viva (mv 2, kinetic energy) is obtained against release of vis mortua (potential energy) … Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716)

44. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200644 … and that localized energy objects appear like “living mirrors of the universe”… Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) m M" … by reflecting the balance of motion and gravitation in spherically closed space, a localized energy object in the DU framework is like the Leibniz’s monad … a perpetual living mirror of the universe (Theod. 130, 360) …

45. The Dynamic Universe: Relativity defines the locally available share of total energy Tuomo Suntola PIRT X, London, 8-11 September, 200645 www.sci.fi/~suntola Thank you for your attention.