1. Chapter 7
Systems theories

2. Polysystem theory Developed in the 1970s by Itamar Even-Zohar.
A literary work is studied as part of a literary system.
Polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous, heirarchized conglomerate (or system) of systems which interact to bring about ongoing, dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole.
Criticism of the polysystem theory. p 110

3. Toury and descriptive translation studies
Toury calls for the development of a properly systematic descriptive branch of the discipline to replace isolated free-standing studies that are commonplace.
A proposal of a three-phase methodology for systematic DTS:
Situate the text within the target culture system, looking at its significance or acceptability.
Compare the ST and the TT for shifts, identifying relationships between ‘coupled pairs’ of ST and TT segments.
Attempt generalizations, reconstructing the process of translation for this ST-TT pair.

4. The concept of norms of translation behaviour
Definition of norms:
The translation of general values or ideas shared by a community – as to what is right or wrong, adequate or inadequate – into performance instructions appropriate for and applicable to particular situations.
The norms that have prevailed in the translation of a particular text can be reconstructed from two types of sources:
The examination of texts, the products of norm-governed activity.
Explicit statement made about norms by translators, publishers, reviewers and other participants in the translation act.

5. Subjection to source norms subjection to target culture norms
Toury’s initial norm and the continuum of adequate and acceptable translation
Initial norm
Subjection to source norms subjection to target culture norms
Adequate translation acceptable translation
Preliminary norms
Preliminary norms
Translation policy directness of translation
Operational norms
Matricial norms textual-linguistic norms
Operational norms

6. Laws of translation
The law of growing standardization.
The law of interference.
Toury’s model in action
Discussion of Toury’s work
Gentzler, 1993 lists four aspects of Toury’s theory that have had an important impact on translation studies. p.115

7. Chesterman’s translation norms
A proposal of another set of norms:
1. Product or expectancy norms:
Allow evaluative judgments
Validated by a norm- authority
2. Professional norms.
The accountability norm ethical
The communication norm social
The relation norm linguistic

8. Other models of descriptive translation studies; lambert and van gorp and the manipulation school
The paper by Jose Lambert and Hendrik van Gorp (1985/2006) ‘On describing translations’
They divided the scheme into four sections:
Preliminary data
Macro-level
Micro-level
Systemic context