1. Monday – Reading on Civil War & Work on DBQ due tomorrow Tuesday - Watch 2 videos on Chapter 18 & 19 Wednesday – work on questions # 1-9 Thursday – work on questions # 10-16 Friday – study for midterm! ANY EXTRA CREDIT – DUE FRIDAY 1/15/2016 **chapter notes, class power-points, questions, readings, links, videos & practice questions are all posted!!!

2. 1848-185 Mrs. McDermott Room B215

3. The main question facing the nation was, “Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free?” The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South The North—South rift was widened with the Kansas- Nebraska Act. Slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark.

4. Sectional Differences! Acquisition of new territory in West and in the US victory in Mexican-American War Controversy – Slavery! Repeated attempts at political compromise failed to calm tensions over slavery  sectionalism worse!

5. Mexican American War new territories… Slavery  tension! Free Soil Party formed in 1848 “Free soil, free labor, & free men” Wanted no slavery in new land to the west Keep West an opportunity for whites only Not abolitionists Not against slavery in the south Many southerners saw any attempt to restrict the expansion of slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights Not seen as a moral issue!

7. Taylor & Whigs – No position on slavery in the election Cass & Democrats– supports popular sovereignty: people in the territory should decide whether or not to allow slavery Van Buren & Free Soil Party – opposed the extension of slavery in territories (Wilmot Proviso position)

8. Both parties (Democrats and The Whigs)had powerful support in the north and south. Politicians ignored the slavery issue for the most part. Popular Sovereignty: liked by the people because it was democratic liked by Politicians because the slavery problem was now the people’s problem The only bad part was that that it might spread even more slavery.

9. Whig’s candidate Taylor’s wartime popularity The free soil Van Buren diverted enough votes away from Cass to help Taylor.

10. Sutter Mill – 1848  49ers A fortunate few “struck it rich” Attracted tens of thousands of people most of them criminals dangerous place and there was lots of crime. California drafted a constitution: Slavery banned Appealed to Congress for admission as a free state Gold Rush – accelerates!

11. Check out: http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist383/GoldRush.html

13. Until California tried to become a free state – equal balance of power in the Senate 15 free states 15 slave states Southerners increasingly defensive over the institution of slavery Tallmadge Amendment 1819 - ban in Missouri Wilmot Proviso 1846 – attempt to ban in Mex. Ter. Underground Railroad

14. 1850s - South: Well off Power in cabinet & Supreme Court Worried because the north had been growing in population & possible slave state areas were running out. Southerners were angered w/ losing slaves to the north via the Underground Railroad. “Conductors” were abolitionists that brought “passengers” to free-soiled Canada. About 1,000 slaves ran away every year

16. 1850 was called  California to the union? The “Immortal Trio” – Clay, Calhoun and Webster appeared to speak at the debate. Henry Clay “the great compromiser” suggested that the north enact a tougher fugitive slave law. John Calhoun “The great nullifier” proposed leaving slavery alone, return runaway slaves and restore rights. Daniel Webster was against slavery but proposed a harsher new fugitive slave law.

17. William H. Seward was a freshman senator from New York against concession. Zachary Taylor vetoed any compromise passed by congress. 1850 - President Taylor died vice-president Millard Fillmore took over He was more willing to sign compromises. The second era of good feeling dawned People wanted peace and that slavery issues just be buried and forgotten. Not for LONG!

18. Radical Southerners “Fire Eaters” talk openly of secession Could there be another compromise? Missouri Compromise 1820 Nullification Crisis 1828-1833 Force Bill & Compromise Tariff of 1833 (OB & S) Henry Clay & Stephen Douglas favor compromise Calm the situation down! The Omnibus Bill were the various bills it included combined into one larger bill that was part of the Compromise of 1850

19. CA admitted as free state Mexican Cession land Utah & North Mexico set up territories Slavery determined by Popular Sovereignty Ban slave trade in Washington D.C New Fugitive Slave Law for the South Settled border dispute between NM & TX in NM favor Millard Fillmore – “Final settlement in sectional division”

20. The northern states got the better deal California was added as a free state and not many more slave states were going to be made.

21. New Fugitive slave law of 1850 -“the blood-hounded bill” was harsh. Increase in sectional tension Turned north into a hunting ground for fugitive slaves Northerners who assisted runaways could be arrested Fleeting slaves weren’t allowed to testify and were denied judicial Northerners were even more eager to go against the law

22. Moderate northerners become sympathetic to the abolitionists (growth in abolitionist movement) Underground Railroad Personal Liberty Laws – did not allow use of local jails for housing of fugitive slave to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial. Vigilance Committees – goal protect fugitive slaves from the slave catchers Anthony Burns – 1853 escaped from slavery – Boston a angry mob made a difference!

24. Harriet Beecher Stowe a book about a slave who is treated badly The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti- slavery.

25. Democratic nominee  Franklin Pierce endorsed the Compromise of 1850 Whigs nominee  Winfield Scott another military hero Luckily for the Democrats the Whig party was split between the north and the south. north accepted the candidate and disliked the platform south accepted the platform but didn’t like the candidate The Whigs’ demise started w/ the start of the sectional parties. Franklin Pierce won the election of 1854 Whigs died on the fugitive-slave law issue.

28. Debate over slavery slowed any attempts at national expansion (Manifest Destiny) Free Soil supporters had suspicion of any expansion attempts under President Pierce Ostend Manifesto – Southerners plan for the US to buy Cuba from Spain (to use as a slave state) Polk had offered $100 million for Cuba but Spanish denied their offer Free Soilers denounced this plan (leaked to the press) Northerners increasingly fear that south was attempting to create a slave empire or “slaveocracy”

29. Filibuster - an attempt to obstruct a particular decision from being taken by using up the time available William Walker -installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. He legalized slavery, but was overthrown by surrounding Central American countries and killed in 1860.

30. The US and what was later to be Colombia treaty letting Americans pass across the Isthmus & agreement of neutrality. A railroad was made there Clayton- Bulwer Treaty – neither US nor British could seek exclusive control of and isthmus or water ways William Walker tried taking Baja California as a slave state but was quickly defeated.

31. hard to get to the far away states A transcontinental railroad was the only real solution. expensive so only one could be mad. The best route seemed to travel through a tip of Mexico. James Gadsen bought the area for $10 million. It was built in the South because it was easier to pass the railroad through Northerners were upset.

32. Most attempts at expansion under Pierce fail US purchase a strip of land for $10 million from Mexico in 1853 Future Transcontinental Railroad

33. Britain had some control of the Asian ports Caleb Cushing was sent Treaty of Wanghia in 1844 first diplomatic agreement between The United States and China. Success in China only made the United States more eager to open trading with Japan. Japan had secluded themselves for almost two centuries. President Fillmore sent Matthew C. Perry Treaty of Kanagawa which granted American coaling rights in Japan established friendly trading relations.

34. Stephen Douglas – wants to secure a RR route & western settlement To win southern approval: Set up 2 territories 1) Kansas 2) Nebraska Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty Repeal’s the Missouri Compromise 1820 (FIRE STORM) – slavery cant pass 36*30’ Huge opposition in the north – Republican Party is formed (Whig party fell apart) Gave south an opportunity to expand slavery

35. A senator of Illinois "Little Giant"(5'4). His role is more important than Henry Clay's in the compromise. He took over for Clay in the compromise of 1850, he split the compromise to get it passed.

36. Senator Stephen A. Douglas wanted Chicago to turn into a major railroad center. He also wanted to split Nebraska into two territories- Nebraska and Kansas and let popular sovereignty decide about slavery. It contradicted the Missouri Compromise. President Pierce was for it but the northerners in congress were very much against it. Douglas underestimated the future effects.

37. The Kansas-Nebraska act was one of the most momentous measures to be passed- it greased the slippery slope to the Civil War. It made the North was less willing to compromise on anything slavery related ever again. The democrats were shattered over the Kansas- Nebraska act. But the new Republican Party sprang up, gathered together and bonded and stayed unified. Never before had a third party movement had risen overnight to be so predominant. Sectional rifts had appeared. The union was in dire peril.