1. 3 processes encoding transfers info in a form that can be stored and accessed storage holding info retrieval access what is stored

2. stage model of memory sensory memory 1/2 sec visual; 4 sec auditory registers ALL environmental info of the moment but you selectively focus on a few items sensory memory short term memory long term memory

3. stage model of memory short term memory conscious of info from sensory memory & info accessed from LTM lasts however long you attend or rehearse includes working memory (active memory engaged in a task)

4. types of long term memory explicit memory consciously recalled semantic memoryepisodic memory general knowledgepersonal events 9/11 ABCs vs.

5. types of long term memory implicit memory not consciously recalled priming previous experience influences behavior procedural memory motor skills

6. memory short term limited capacity long term “unlimited capacity” “relatively permanent”

7. memory storage Hippocampus Vs. Rest of Brain

8. anterograde amnesia brain injury TIME no new memories - “stuck in time” - when attention shifts/distracted, info is lost forever - mild vs. severe

9. retrograde amnesia - can’t recall previously formed memories - diff between mild vs severe brain injury TIME memories lost

10. dementia memory impairment (anterograde or retrograde) 1+ cognitive deficits: - language - motor activity - recognition of objects - executive functions

11. neuropsych testing confabulation to explain lapses

12. normal aging forgetfulness vs. AD memory retrieval speed severity insight progression of severity impairment of function compare & contrast for:

13. Alzheimer’s disease Types - Early onset: ≤ 65 yrs old (runs in families) - Late onset: >65 yrs old (most common)

14. Alzheimer’s disease For both early & late onset, abnormal accumulation of operational proteins: beta amyloid (plaques) between cells tau (tangles) inside cells

15. normal Alzheimer’s brain differences

16. Alzheimer’s disease mild moderate severe Repeating same questions/statements Can’t follow conversation (confusion) Can’t complete ordinary tasks (recipes) Concrete thinking (can’t abstract/jokes) Uses fewer words to communicate Misplacing objects Disorientation of time & place Sudden mood or behavior change Indifferent to normal courtesies or personal appearance Forget to turn off appliances or take meds Can’t do tasks re planning or calculating (e.g. checkbook balancing, grocery shop) Withdrawal or outbursts of aggressiveness Inappropriate behavior in public Compulsions (sex, eating, etc) Sleep disorders Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia Doesn’t make sense speaking Little or no memory Can’t recognize others or self Needs assistance for self-care Frequent incontinence Sleep disorders Weakness & frequent infections Hard time chewing, swallowing Loss of speech Withdrawn & unresponsive Immune system - pneumonia Blood vessel tau - brain hemorhage & allows aluminum

17. Alzheimer’s disease 50% in 80+ yr olds runs 2 - 20 yrs (avg= 8 yrs) 5% in 65 - 74 yr olds

18. Alzheimer’s disease Treatment acetylcholine (for mild AD) memantine (for severe AD) risk vs. protective factors?