1. CATTLE BREEDS OF ZAMBIA Czech Univerzity of Life Sciences in Prague, Czech Republic Institut of Tropics and Subtropics Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives of ZAMBIA Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives of ZAMBIA Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development MVDr. J. Holejšovsky Ph.D.

2. THE BREEDS OF CATTLE IN AFRICA The African cattle population derives from three major introductions from Asia (Epstein, 1957; Faulkner and Epstein, 1957; Williamson and Payne, 1977; Oliver, 1983 ) The first cattle introduced into Africa, the humpless Hamitic longhorn (Bos taurus longifrons), arrived about 5 000 BC, Ffollowed by the humpless shorthorn (Bos taurus brachyceros) about 2500 years later and the humped zebu (Bos indicus) in about 1500 B C.

3. Possible migration routes of domestic cattle in Africa Most cattle followed the Nile Valley through Egypt or came through the Horn of Africa Further migrations resulted in a heavy concentration of cattle in the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya, regarded today as one of the original sites of Africa's indigenous cattle Interbreeding among these three types resulted in the Sanga, so-called intermediate type, because of the length of its horns and the location of its hump

4. THE BREEDS OF CATTLE IN AFRICA The African cattle population derives from three major introductions from Asia (Epstein, 1957; Faulkner and Epstein, 1957; Williamson and Payne, 1977; Oliver, 1983 ) The first cattle introduced into Africa, the humpless Hamitic longhorn (Bos taurus longifrons), arrived about 5 000 BC, Ffollowed by the humpless shorthorn (Bos taurus brachyceros) about 2500 years later and the humped zebu (Bos indicus) in about 1500 B C.

5. African cattle breeds Two domesticated species (following the Linnæan taxonomy ) - The taurine cattle Bos taurus - The taurine cattle Bos taurus - The zebu cattle Bos indicus - The zebu cattle Bos indicus recognising that the two species are fully interfertile and therefore sometimes fully interfertile and therefore sometimes considered as subspecies by some authors. considered as subspecies by some authors. The major Africa cattle groups are: The humpless African taurine cattle B. taurus (longhorn and shorthorn taurines), the humped African zebu B. indicus and the supposedly crossbreed taurine x zebu called sanga. ( The majority of the sanga have a taurine Y chromosome, therefore some authors group the sanga with the African taurine B. taurus).

7. Barotse Breed Barotse are big sanga type animals with large spreading, lyre-shaped horns. The usual coat colours are brown, dark red, fawn or black, Their homeland is Barotseland of West Zambia and Southeast Angola. The territory is characterized by the flood plain of the Zambezi, extending into Angola on the west. Breed status: The current estimate of the population is 793 000 (Rege 1999). According to DAD-IS (2005), population estimate in Zambia were less than 100 000. less than 100 000.

8. The Barotse Breed Utility: The Barotse are triple purpose cattle (beef, dairy and work), beef being the most important product. Under better management Under better management bulls weigh up to 700 (580) kg and bulls weigh up to 700 (580) kg and cows 485 (400 )kg cows 485 (400 )kg Age at first calving is about 44 months; lactation milk yield is 1077 litres in an average lactation length of 302 days; conception rate is 67.1% and Age at first calving is about 44 months; lactation milk yield is 1077 litres in an average lactation length of 302 days; conception rate is 67.1% and the calving interval is 620 days the calving interval is 620 days

9. Name/Strain: Barotse Common Name/Synonym: Lozi, Rowzi, Rozi, Baila

10. The Barotse Breed

11. BAROTSE NATURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT This is a long horned Sanga, similar to the Tswana of Botswana. to the Tswana of Botswana. Due to historical back ground, this breed is known to have its habitat extending to as far as Kafue flood plain and Angola about 20 degrees East longitude ( Curson, H.H and Thornton, R.W, 1936). ( Curson, H.H and Thornton, R.W, 1936).

12. BAROTSE BREED DISTRIBUTION Breed status: The current estimate of the population is 793 000 (Rege 1999). According to DAD-IS (2005), population estimate in Zambia were less than 100 000. The majority of this breed is found in Angola. Declining population due to CBPP. No Conservation Progam

13. BAROTSE NATURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT In Zambia it is found in Western Province specifically in the Zambezi flood plain and south- western part of North-Western Province. south- western part of North-Western Province. The Barotse are kept under Kalahari woodland type of vegetation when out of flood plain, which is wide spread in Western Province and south western part of North-Western Province. spread in Western Province and south western part of North-Western Province.

14. BAROTSE DISTRIBUTION INZAMBIA

15. BAROTSE NATURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT The climatic conditions are those The climatic conditions are those of medium rainfall with hot dry season. of medium rainfall with hot dry season. In addition to Trypanosomiasis, CBPP, In addition to Trypanosomiasis, CBPP, there are occasional outbreaks there are occasional outbreaks of Anthrax. of Anthrax. The organisation of the beneficialies The organisation of the beneficialies in community based activities in community based activities to eradicate some of these major to eradicate some of these major diseases appear to be bearing diseases appear to be bearing some positive results. some positive results.

16. THE BAROTSE BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSCOAT Colour: Multicolour (black,brown,dark,red,fawn) Colour: Multicolour (black,brown,dark,red,fawn) Hair type: Straight Hair type: Straight Hair length: Short HEAD Face Profile: Flat· Face Profile: Flat· Muzzle colour : Pigmented Horns: Present Horn shape: Lyre Horn length: Long Horn spacing: Wide Horn orientation: Upward Ear size: Small Colour of tips: Coloured Ear shape: Straight-edged Ear Orientation: Lateral

17. THEBAROTSE BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSBODY Wither heights of male 120-137 cm of femele 114-129 cm, of femele 114-129 cm, Body Frame: Large Back profile: Hollow Rump Profile: Sloping Hump: Hump Orientation Erect Hump Location Cervico-thoracic Hump Location Cervico-thoracic Dewlap: Small Navalflap: Small Legs: Long Hoofs: Dark TAIL Length Long Thickness at the base Wide Colour of the tail switch Uniform(white,black,brown)

18. The Angoni breed The Angoni breed The Angoni breed belongs to the group of short - horned Zebus found predominatly in eastern part of Zambia and extending a little into the northern part near the border with Tanzania and Malawi. the group of short - horned Zebus found predominatly in eastern part of Zambia and extending a little into the northern part near the border with Tanzania and Malawi. Mason and Maule (1960) traced the habitat of the angoni breed to between of the angoni breed to between 9 degrees and 14 degrees South latitude, and between 9 degrees and 14 degrees South latitude, and between 30 degrees and 31 degrees East longitude. 30 degrees and 31 degrees East longitude.

19. ANGONI NATURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT The angoni are raised under three climatic conditions: three climatic conditions: i) warm rainy season from i) warm rainy season from November to April November to April ii) cool dry season from ii) cool dry season from May to August May to August iii) hot dry season from iii) hot dry season from September to October September to October.

20. The vegetation consists of Miombo woodlands, with Miombo woodlands, with brachystegia and isoberlinia brachystegia and isoberlinia as a main tree spp, and a grass undercover of hyperrhenia, setaria, heteropogony, aristida and brachiaria as a main tree spp, and a grass undercover of hyperrhenia, setaria, heteropogony, aristida and brachiaria (Joshi R.,Mcluaghlin A., and Phillips W.,1957, and Black G., 1956). (Joshi R.,Mcluaghlin A., and Phillips W.,1957, and Black G., 1956). ANGONI NATURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

21. The Angonis' are reared on an extensive system of production. Under this system the health management faces a number Under this system the health management faces a number of constraints the most prevalent of constraints the most prevalent ones being East Coast Fever, ones being East Coast Fever, a tick – borne disease and a tick – borne disease and Trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosomiasis due to Tsetse fly bites. Tsetse fly bites.

22. THE ANGONI BREED DISTRIBUTION

23. Breed Reference Name: Angoni Local Synonyms: Ng'ombe (N) Strain: Zambian

24. THE ANGONI BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS COAT Colour: Multicolour (black,brown,red,dun,,pied,R/W) · Hair type: Straight · Hair type: Straight · Hair length Short · Hair length Short HEAD Face Profile: Concave · Muzzle colour Pigmented · Muzzle colour Pigmented Horns: Present Horns: Present Horn shape Straight Horn shape Straight Horn length Short Horn length Short Horn spacing Wide Horn spacing Wide Horn orientation Upward Horn orientation Upward Ear size: Small Ear size: Small Colour of tips Coloured Colour of tips Coloured Ear shape Straight-edged Ear shape Straight-edged Ear Orientation Lateral Ear Orientation Lateral

25. THE ANGONI BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS BODY Body Frame: Medium Body Frame: Medium Back profile: Hollow Back profile: Hollow Rump Profile: Sloping Rump Profile: Sloping Hump: Hump Orientation Floppy Hump: Hump Orientation Floppy Hump Location Thoracic Hump Location Thoracic Dewlap: Large Dewlap: Large Naval flap: Medium, Naval flap: Medium, Legs: Medium Legs: Medium Hoofs: Dark Hoofs: Dark TAIL Length Long Thickness at the base Wide Thickness at the base Wide Colour of the tail switch Uniform Colour of the tail switch Uniform ( white, ( white, black,brown) black,brown)

26. THE TONGA BREED The Tonga breed is mainly found in the Southern Province. the Southern Province. It is a short horned Sanga, similar to the Mashona of Zimbabwe. to the Mashona of Zimbabwe. The breed is predominantly found between Kafue and Zambezi rivers, between Kafue and Zambezi rivers, but due to human migration from south but due to human migration from south to north, it now extends to the north of to north, it now extends to the north of Kafue river and parts of Central Province. Kafue river and parts of Central Province.

27. THE TONGA BREED DISTRIBUTION

28. THE TONGA BREED

29. THE TONGA BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSCOAT Colour: Multicolour (black,brown,red, RW, BW) Colour: Multicolour (black,brown,red, RW, BW) Hair type: Straight Hair type: Straight Hair length: Short HEAD Face Profile: Flat/Concave Face Profile: Flat/Concave Muzzle colour : Pigmented Horns: Present Horn shape: Lyre Horn length: Medium Horn spacing: Narrow Horn orientation: Upward/Forward Ear size: Small Colour of tips: Coloured Ear shape: Straight-edged Ear Orientation: Lateral

30. THE TONGA BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSBODY Body Frame: Small Back profile: Hollow Rump Profile: Sloping Hump: Hump Orientation Erect Hump Location Cervico-thoracic Hump Location Cervico-thoracic Dewlap: Small Navalflap: Small Legs: Medium Hoofs: Dark TAIL Length Long Thickness at the base Wide Colour of the tail switch Uniform(white,black,brown)

31. TONGA NATURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT Climatic conditions are those of low to medium rainfall with hot dry season medium rainfall with hot dry season particularly in the valley area. particularly in the valley area. Pure Tonga cattle are kept under traditional extensive system, but of late it is common to see partial supplementation being practiced during the dry season by small scale farmers. see partial supplementation being practiced during the dry season by small scale farmers. This breed is reared under Mopane, Munga and Miombo woodlands with Acacia Munga and Miombo woodlands with Acacia being the dominant species in the valleys. being the dominant species in the valleys.

32. TONGA NATURAL PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT Health management is concentrated on eradication of Corridor disease which is very prevalent in the area, and some occasional outbreaks of Trypanosomiasis and Foot and Mouth Disease. Efforts to control these diseases are directed at tick control through dipping and spraying, tsetse eradication and stock movement restrictions from stock movement restrictions from the disease affected areas. the disease affected areas.

33. THE BREED BAILA LOCAL This group of cattle, according This group of cattle, according to Maule(1960), with traces of to Maule(1960), with traces of short horned Sanga (Tonga breed). short horned Sanga (Tonga breed). It is found in the Kafue flats It is found in the Kafue flats between Namwala and Mumbwa, between Namwala and Mumbwa, and also extending to the Lukanga and also extending to the Lukanga swamps where they are kept swamps where they are kept by Sala and Lenje people. by Sala and Lenje people.

34. THE BAILA BREED LOCAL DISTRIBUTION

35. THE BREED BAILA LOCAL The climate is that of medium rainfall and the vegetation rainfall and the vegetation comprises open grasslands and comprises open grasslands and occasional Munga woodlands. occasional Munga woodlands. They are raised mainly under transhumance systems of production just like production just like the Barotse in Western Province. the Barotse in Western Province.

36. THE BREED BAILA LOCAL The challenge to health management is the outbreaks of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia and tick- borne diseases is the outbreaks of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia and tick- borne diseases such as Theileriosis,Babesiosis etc., such as Theileriosis,Babesiosis etc., which are difficult to control due to difficulties in controlling stock movements. which are difficult to control due to difficulties in controlling stock movements. Involvement of communities to control these diseases seem to be succeeding

37. Breed Reference Name: BailaLocal Synonyms: Mashukulumbwe (I) Strain: Zambian

38. THE BAILA BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSCOAT Colour: Multicolour (black,brown, Fawn,red, RW, BW) Colour: Multicolour (black,brown, Fawn,red, RW, BW) Hair type: Straight Hair type: Straight Hair length: Short HEAD Face Profile: Concave Face Profile: Concave Muzzle colour : Pigmented Horns: Present Horn shape: Lyre Horn length: Long Horn spacing: Wide Horn orientation: Upward/Forward Ear size: Small Colour of tips: Coloured Ear shape: Straight-edged Ear Orientation: Lateral

39. THE BAILA BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSBODY Body Frame: Medium Back profile: Hollow Rump Profile: Sloping Hump: Hump Orientation Erect Hump Location Cervico-thoracic Hump Location Cervico-thoracic Dewlap: Small Navalflap: Small Legs: Long Hoofs: Dark TAIL Length Long Thickness at the base Wide Colour of the tail switch Uniform(white,black,brown)

40. THE BREED BORAN The Boran breed belonging to the short horn group of Zebu cattle, the short horn group of Zebu cattle, was imported from Kenya and is was imported from Kenya and is predominantly owned by commercial farmers along the line of rail, ie, from Livingstone to Copperbelt. predominantly owned by commercial farmers along the line of rail, ie, from Livingstone to Copperbelt. The breed has adapted well to the local environment. the local environment. Its performance is better than Its performance is better than other exotic breeds other exotic breeds when kept under similar management when kept under similar management

41. THE BREED BORAN LOCAL DISTRIBUTION

42. THE BREED BORAN The climatic conditions under which Borans are found,are characterized by low rainfall in the south, by low rainfall in the south, medium in the midlands and high medium in the midlands and high rainfall in the Northern parts rainfall in the Northern parts of Zambia. of Zambia. Temperatures generally vary from warm in November to April, from warm in November to April, cool dry from May to August cool dry from May to August and hot dry from September to October. and hot dry from September to October.

43. THE BREED BORAN The vegetation type ranges from Miombo through Mopane to Miombo through Mopane to occasional Munga woodlands. occasional Munga woodlands. Management is mostly under intensive system of production. intensive system of production. The Boran herds are kept mainly The Boran herds are kept mainly by commercial farmers and by commercial farmers and a few small scale farmers. a few small scale farmers.

44. Breed Reference Name: Boran Synonyms: Strain: Exotic

46. THE BORAN BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSCOAT Colour: Multicolour (fawn,red, white, steel-grey) Colour: Multicolour (fawn,red, white, steel-grey) Hair type: Straight Hair type: Straight Hair length: Short HEAD Face Profile: Concave Face Profile: Concave Muzzle colour : Pigmented Horns: Present Horn shape: Straight Horn length: Short Horn spacing: Wide Horn orientation: Upward Ear size: Small Colour of tips: Coloured Ear shape: Straight-edged Ear Orientation: Lateral

47. THE BORAN BREED PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSBODY Body Frame: lARE Back profile: Hollow /Staight Rump Profile: Sloping Hump: Hump Orientation Flopy Hump Location Thoracic Hump Location Thoracic Dewlap: Large Navalflap: Large Legs: Medium Hoofs: Dark TAIL Length Long Thickness at the base Wide Colour of the tail switch Uniform(black, brown)

48. Relative growth and reproductive performance of Barotse breed at the Central Research Station of Mazabuka, Zambia (1966-1970) Breed Birth weight kg Weaning weight kg Calving percentage % Age at Maximum live weight Angoni 22.9147.382.57 years Barotse 25.7167.078.19 years Boran 25.2169.575.47 years

49. THE BREEDS OF CATTLE IN ZAMBIA References Felius, M. 1995. Cattle breeds: an encyclopedia. Doetinchem (The Netherlands): Misset. 799 pp. (The Netherlands): Misset. 799 pp. Hanotte O. Okomo M. Verjee Y. Rege J.E.O. and Teale A. 1997. A polymorphic Y chromosome microsatellite locus in cattle. A polymorphic Y chromosome microsatellite locus in cattle. Animal Genetics (UK). 28(4):318-319. Animal Genetics (UK). 28(4):318-319. Mason I.L.,Maule J.P. 1960. The indigenous livestock of eastern and Southern Africa.Common wealth Agricultural Bureaux. and Southern Africa.Common wealth Agricultural Bureaux. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England.pp. 29. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England.pp. 29. Rege J.E.O. 1999. The state of African cattle genetic resources. I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and I. Classification framework and identification of threatened and extinct breeds. FAO/UNEP Animal Genetic Resources extinct breeds. FAO/UNEP Animal Genetic Resources Information Bulletin 25:1-25. Information Bulletin 25:1-25. Mwenya Benson: Field Guide of Zambian Cattle Breeds,2007,MACO, Lusaka, Zambia Cattle Breeds,2007,MACO, Lusaka, Zambia

50. THE BREEDS OF CATTLE IN ZAMBIA References Thorpe W. and Cruickshank D.K.R. Thompson R. 1980. Genetic and environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. 1. Factors affecting weaner production from Angoni, Barotse and Boran dams. 1. Factors affecting weaner production from Angoni, Barotse and Boran dams. Animal Production (UK). 30(2):217-233. Animal Production (UK). 30(2):217-233. Thorpe W. and Cruickshank D.K.R. Thompson R. 1980. Genetic and environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. 2. Live weights for age of purebred and reciprocally crossbred progeny. 2. Live weights for age of purebred and reciprocally crossbred progeny. Animal Production (UK). 30(2):235-243. Animal Production (UK). 30(2):235-243. Thorpe W. and Cruickshank D.K.R. Thompson R. 1980. Genetic and environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. 3. Carcass characteristics of purebred and reciprocally crossbred castrated males. Animal Production (UK). 30(2):245-252. 3. Carcass characteristics of purebred and reciprocally crossbred castrated males. Animal Production (UK). 30(2):245-252. Thorpe W. and Cruickshank D.K.R. Thompson R. 1981. Genetic and environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. environmental influences on beef cattle production in Zambia. 4. Weaner production from purebred and reciprocally crossbred dams. 4. Weaner production from purebred and reciprocally crossbred dams. Animal Production (UK). 33(2):165-177. Animal Production (UK). 33(2):165-177. DAD-IS, 2005: http://dad.fao.org/en/home.htm DAD-IS, 2005: http://dad.fao.org/en/home.htmhttp://dad.fao.org/en/home.htm http://www.zod.wau.nl/genr/phd.html http://www.zod.wau.nl/genr/phd.htmlhttp://www.zod.wau.nl/genr/phd.html http://www.odi.org.uk/pdn/papers/28c.pdf http://www.odi.org.uk/pdn/papers/28c.pdf

51. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION