2. Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance Environmental Implications of Bio-Jet: LCA approach Indroneil Ganguly Asst. Professor (Research) University of Washington, Seattle

3. Presentation Overview Background –Being Green –What is LCA –Importance of LCA in the project Results of Bio-Jet LCA –Some scenarios on the feedstock aspect –Overall LCA of Bio-jet Fuel Comparing Bio-jet of Fossil based Jet-fuel

4. What does it mean to be Green?? How do we measure it?? What is Sustainability??

5. Sustainability United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Sustainable Development definition: “… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Biodegradable Recyclable Ozone friendly Eco-design Greenwashing

6. We all know that being Green is Trendy...... What is the science of being green? Industry is looking for ways to green their products and manufacturing processes. Individuals and Families are looking to green their homes and lifestyles. How can you tell if something really is green?? What is currently happening to achieve this goal?

7. Definition: “Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle” This establishes an environmental profile of the system! ISO = International Organization for Standardization Ensures that an LCA is completed in a certain way. WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA? 1.Product or project development and improvement 2.Strategic planning 3.Public policy making 4.Marketing and eco- declarations

8. 7 Urban and suburban wastes* * municipal solid wastes (MSW), lawn wastes, wastewater treatment sludge, urban wood wastes, disaster debris, trap grease, yellow grease, waste cooking oil, etc. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel

10. System Boundary

11. 10 Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel System Boundary

12. 11 Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel System Boundary

13. Bio-Fuels necessary to move the United States toward greater energy independence and security LCA is required for public procurement Suggested Greenhouse Gas Reduction Criterion Subtitle A—Renewable Fuel Standard ‘‘(E) CELLULOSIC BIOFUEL –to be considered acceptable has to be “at least 60 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions”. 12 US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 H.R.6: (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate), PROCUREMENT AND ACQUISITION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS. (Source: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hr6enr/pdf/BILLS-110hr6enr.pdf)http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hr6enr/pdf/BILLS-110hr6enr.pdf

14. Relevant Characteristics of Forest Biomass  Difficulty handling and economic viability issues  Low bulk density  Varying sizes and shapes of woody biomass  Inconsistent mix of multiple species  Various handling complications in cases of  Salvage of mountain pine beetle killed trees  Stage of beetle attack at the time of harvest is critical  Post fire salvage operations (can we use it for Bio-fuel?)

15. Biomass Handling Methods: in woods Grinding: Chipping: Bundling: Source: Han-Sup Han et al. 2012

16. Biomass recovery and production systems Slash recovery operation  Dump truck slash shuttle & centralized grinding  Roll-off/Hook-lift truck slash shuttle & centralized grinding  Bundling slash & Centralized grinding  Grinding on site & Hog fuel shuttle  Pile-to-pile on site grinding Whole tree chipping  Medium Chipper – Small/large trees  Large Chipper – Small/large trees Integrated harvesting  Chipping (whole tree) & Grinding (slash)  Grinding only (slash & whole tree) Source: Han-Sup Han et al. 2012

17. Example: System Boundary for LCA of Forest Thinning

18. Equivalency factors used (equivalent mass/mass emitted) 17 Impacts ConsideredCH 4 COCO 2 N2ON2ONMVOCNO x PMSO x Contribution to Climate Change (CO 2 equivalents) 21013100000 Contribution to Acidification (H+ equivalents) 0000040050.8 Contribution to photochemical smog (NOx equivalents) 0.00300.013000.78100

19. Impact category Media Ozone depletionAir Global climateAir Acidification AirAir EutrophicationAir, water Smog formation AirAir Human health criteria AirAir Human health cancer Urban air, nonurban air, freshwater, seawater, natural soil, agricultural soil Human health noncancer Ecotoxicity Urban 18 Source: TRACI 2.0

20. Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance Overview of Bio-Jet fuel LCA

21. Overall Scope for LCA of woody biomass to bio-jet fuel

22. Scenarios developed for recovery of landing residue Benchmark scenario: 1.Harvest standing forest using a Feller-buncher 2.Take harvest to primary landing using a track-skidder 3.Shuttle Loose Residue from Primary Landing to secondary using a dump truck (30 CY capacity) 4.Chip at the secondary landing and haul to biomass processing facility using a chip van (140 CY capacity) 5.Transportation Scenario: Spur Road1 ½ laneGravelHighwayInterstateTotal Avg. miles/hr620295562 One way haul miles2.55102037.575 Developed by: CORRIM 1 st Alternate Scenario: 1.A larger Roll-off container (50 CY capacity) can access the primary landing for shuttling the loose residue to secondary landing for chipping. 2.Everything else remains constant

24. Alternate distance scenarios Second series of scenarios (Total distance stays constant; spur road distance increases): All other factors same as baseline case Third series of scenarios: (Interstate road distance increases) All other factors same as baseline case Spur Road (miles) 1 ½ lane (miles) Gravel (miles) Highway (miles) Interstate (miles) Total (miles) Alternate Scenario 23.55102036.575 Alternate Scenario 35510203575 Spur Road (miles) 1 ½ lane (miles) Gravel (miles) Highway (miles) Interstate (miles) Total (miles) Alternate Scenario 42.55102062.5100 Alternate Scenario 52.55102082.5120

25. Alternate distance scenarios (baseline, 2 and 3)

26. Alternate distance scenarios (baseline, 4 and 5)

27. Consequential LCA Environmental Impacts of Residual Extraction and Avoided Impacts of Slash Pile Burning

28. Complete Forest to IPK Process: Environmental Performance of 1 kg of IPK Impact Category Unit Total Contribution from Feedstock process Contribution from Pretreatment and GEVO process Global warming potential (GWP) kg CO2 eq. 1.3047084.38848E-051.304664 Acidification Potential H+ moles eq. -0.83518-0.851982250.016798 Eutrophication Potential kg N eq. 0.004714-0.0006994140.005413 Ozone depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq. 6E-081.63197E-116.00E-08 Smog Potential kg O3 eq. -0.27772-0.41621990.138496 Respiratory Effects kg PM10 eq. -0.07464-0.0754270.00079 Preliminary findings – do not publish or cite

29. Crude Oil Extraction Crude Oil Transportation Refinery: Jet Fuel Production Jet Fuel Transportation Jet Fuel Combustion Aviation Productivity Co-Products Emissions to Air, Water and Land Emissions: CO 2, PM, No x, So x, H 2 0 Fossil Jet Fuel Co-Products Soil Carbon Bio-Jet Fuel Transportation Bio-Jet Fuel Combustion Co-Products Greenhouse & Land Prep. Forest Stand Harvest Operations Prep. & Transport Biomass Pre-treatment and Bio-jet conversion Emissions to Air, Water and Land CO 2, PM, No x, So x, H 2 0 CO 2 Bio Jet Fuel

30. Aircraft transportation: One person for 1 km on an intercontinental flight Impact CategoryUnit Transport, aircraft, passenger, intercontinental Bio-Jet Fuel (IPK)Fossil Fuel (Kerosene) Ozone depletionkg CFC-11 eq1.69E-061.42E-05 Global warmingkg CO2 eq32.3284.22 Fossil fuel depletionMJ surplus65.17165.79 Preliminary findings – do not publish or cite 62% Reduction

31. Conclusion We were able to get such favorable results primarily for the following reasons: –A minimal amount of fossil fuel is used during the conversion process, because waste biomass (in the form of lignin), can be substituted for coal and/or natural gas to provide the heat and power needed for the IPK process. –The avoided environmental burdens associated with not having to burn the slash piles in the forest reduced the overall environmental footprint of the process. We can improve the overall carbon footprint associated with bio-jet fuel through innovations in efficient feedstock handling.

32. THANK YOU