1. Biochemistry Study Guide

2. Plants and animals are composed of organic compounds
Plants and animals are composed of organic compounds. Which of the following are the common elements found in organic compounds?
SPONCH
Sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen

3. Which of the following compounds is most likely to be part of living organisms? C6H12O6, BF3, MoCl2, CsI
C6H12O6

4. Which of the following elements is best able to combine with itself and hydrogen (H) to form large molecules? Sodium (Na), Lithium (Li), Sulfur (S), Carbon (C )
Carbon

5. The table below shows the elemental composition of 3 different types of organisms The X in the table represents which element?
Nitrogen

6. What characteristics of carbon (C ) makes it essential to living organisms?
Carbon can bond with itself in many ways to form chains

7. The structure of an organic molecule is represented below In this organic molecule, which element is identified by each X?
Carbon

8. Although there are a limited number of amino acids, how can we make different types of proteins?
Different proteins have different numbers of amino acids in different orders

9. A diagram of a protein molecule is shown above
A diagram of a protein molecule is shown above. The units labeled “X” which bond together to form the protein molecule are called _______
Amino Acids

10. The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and firm when cooked because the heat
Changes the structure of the protein

11. Proteins are large macromolecules composed of thousands of subunits
Proteins are large macromolecules composed of thousands of subunits. The structure of the protein depends on the sequence of
Amino Acids

12. Which molecule is correctly paired with the class of molecule to which it belongs Lactose – lipid Collagen – protein Hemoglobin – carbohydrate Hydrochloric acid – nucleic acid
Collagen - Protein

13. A chart listing the characteristics of 4 macromolecules is shown below Which molecule listed in the chart is a protein?
Number 4
Because the monomer is an amino acid

14. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs
Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. What is the molecular structure of ovalbumin?
Chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule

15. Which of the following categories of organic molecules is correctly paired with one of its functions? Nucleic acids – digest dead cells Lipids – give quick energy to cells Carbohydrates – store genetic information Proteins – provide structure in skin, hair, and nails
Proteins – provide structure in skin, hair and nails

16. What is the relationship that exists among proteins, DNA and cells?
Cells contain DNA, which controls the production of proteins

17. What is the role of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?
It provides the activation energy of the reaction

18. There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?
An enzyme binds to a specific substrate for the reaction to be catalyzed

19. In red blood cells, the compound carbonic anhydrase increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions for transport in the blood. In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase acts as a ___________
An enzyme

20. Individuals who lack lactase are unable to break down the sugar lactose. What is lactase?
An enzyme = lactase
Lactose = substrate

21. In the diagram above, the substance labeled X is ________
An enzyme

22. The figure below shows the reaction rate of a specific enzyme at different temperatures and different pHs. What can be concluded about the enzyme?
The enzyme works best at a pH of 8 and a temperature of 25C

23. The illustration below shows a Siamese cat
The illustration below shows a Siamese cat. In Siamese cats, an enzyme determines the color of the fur. On the cooler places of the body, the enzyme causes darker fur. On the warmer parts of the body, the enzyme does not function. How does temperature affect this enzyme?
The enzyme is active in a specific temperature range

24. Why are enzymes necessary for many cellular reactions?
The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing

25. The diagram below shows the final steps of a biochemical pathway used by the bacterium Serratic marcescens to produce a red pigment molecule. Letters X, Y, Z represent intermediate molecules produced in the pathway. 4 enzymes are also involved in the pathway, as shown. A mutant strain of S. marcescens produces molecules X and Y but does not produce the red pigment molecule or molecule Z. Based on this result, it can be concluded that there must be a mutation in the gene coding for which enzyme?
Enzyme 3

26. The reaction catalyzed by the bacterial enzyme B-galactosidase forms a dark-colored end-product when the cells are grown on a particular agar medium. As more product is formed, the cells become darker. Students performed an experiment to determine the optimum pH for activity of this enzyme. Their results are shown in the illustration of bacterial colonies below Based on these data, the students should conclude that B-galactosidase functions best at which pH?
pH7

27. The structural form of cellulose is shown What type of macromolecule describes cellulose?
Carbohydrate.

28. Carbohydrates are macromolecules used for energy in living organisms
Carbohydrates are macromolecules used for energy in living organisms. Large carbohydrate molecules are made of smaller building blocks called monosaccharides. The arrangement of which 3 components is used to distinguish one monosaccharide from another?
CHO
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

29. What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Storage of energy

30. The characteristics listed below can be used to describe some molecules -Inorganic -Supplies energy and fiber -Component of plant cell walls -Part of DNA -Made of nucleotides Which of these characteristics describe a carbohydrate?
Supplies energy and fiber
Component of plant cell walls
Part of DNA

31. The table below provides information about the composition and function of 4 important molecules in living organisms Which is a carbohydrate? 3

32. What do disaccharides, such as sucrose, and polysaccharides, such as starch, have in common?
They are carbohydrates made of simple sugars

33. What is a main reason humans need to include carbohydrates in their diet?
Carbohydrates are broken down in cells for energy

34. Carbohydrates and proteins are 2 types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates and proteins are 2 types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates?
Proteins are able to catalyze biochemical reactions

35. Many aquatic birds secrete waxy organic substances that repel water
Many aquatic birds secrete waxy organic substances that repel water. The birds use these substances to coat their feathers. An analysis of these substances would reveal that they are composed mostly of
Lipids

36. The diagram below represents a fat molecule A fat molecule belongs to which category of organic molecules?
Lipids

37. Which type of molecule in the yolk of a chicken egg provides the most energy for a developing chick?
Lipid

38. The brown paper test for lipids is positive when food is placed on the paper and a spot forms which will allow light to pass through it. What is a food that would give you a positive test for lipids?
Potato chips

39. One category of organic compounds contains molecules composed of long hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbon chains may be saturated or unsaturated. Which category of organic compounds contains these molecules?
Lipids

40. Which group of organic compounds contains fatty acids?
Lipids

41. Lemur’s bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar. Which type of molecule is primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?
Lipids

42. What is the composition of a nucleotide?
A 5 carbon sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

43. What is the role of ATP in animal cells?
ATP stores and releases energy

44. A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule is most likely used by the protein as an energy source?
ATP

45. What is a DNA molecule made of?
It is made of nucleotides and has a double helix shape

46. An iodine solution is placed on the cut side of a potato
An iodine solution is placed on the cut side of a potato. Within seconds, a blue-black color appears. What is this a positive test for?
Starches

47. What structure is most responsible for maintaining homeostasis in a cell?
Cell membrane

48. Which cycle is this picture likely illustrating?
Carbon cycle