1. Past Paper Questions - Stalin’s Russia 101. Describe how Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union. (4) 102. Why did Stalin have many people murdered and imprisoned in the 1930s? (6) 103. By 1941, how far was the USSR stronger as a result of Stalin’s policies? (10 ) 104. Explain why Stalin introduced the Purges. (6) 105. ‘Stalin was a disaster for the Soviet Union. Do you agree with this statement? Explain. (10) 106. What part did Leon Trotsky play in the Bolshevik Revolution to 1925? (4) 107. Why was Stalin able to become dictator of Russia by 1929? (6) 108. ‘Stalin only kept control in Russia by oppression and the elimination of opponents.’ Do you agree? Explain. 109. Who were the kulaks? What was a kolkhoz? (4) 110. Why did Stalin introduce collectivism? (6) 111. How far was Stalin’s policy of collective farming successful? Explain. (10) 112. How successfully did Stalin reform agriculture? Explain. (10) 113. What were the advantages of collective farming? (4) 114. Why was collectivization opposed by many peasants? (6) 115. What were the ‘show trials’ of the 1930s? (4) 116. Why did Stalin carry out Purges in the 1930s? (6) 117. Had Stalin made the USSR a stronger country by 1941? Explain. (10) 118. Describe the main features of Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. (4) 119. How successful was Stalin in modernizing the Soviet Union by 1941? Explain. (10) 120. Describe the ‘Great Terror’. (4) 121. Why did Stalin introduce a new Constitution in 1936? (6) 122. The Purges were more effective than the cult of personality in allowing Stalin to control the Soviet Union. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (10) 123. The peacemakers of 1919–23 coped successfully with the problems they faced. How far do you agree with this statement on the treaties made with the defeated powers? Explain your answer. (10)

2. TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator REVIEW: Why did Trotsky lose the leadership contest? Trotsky’s Attributes:  He was a brilliant speaker and writer, as well as the party’s best political thinker, after Lenin.  He was also the man who had organised the Bolshevik Revolution and was the hero of the Civil War as leader of the Red Army.  Finally, he was the man who negotiated peace for Russia with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Trotsky lost for many reasons:  He was arrogant and often offended other senior party members.  He failed to take the opposition seriously - he made little effort to build up any support in the ranks of the party.  He seriously underestimated Stalin.  Trotsky also frightened many people in the USSR with his calls for ’permanent revolution’.  Trotsky fell ill late in 1923 when Lenin was dying, and Trotsky needed to be at his most active.  He was also the victim of a trick by Stalin about Lenin’s funeral - telling Trotsky it was on the 26th of January, when it was in fact on the 27th. Trotsky was away in the south of Russia and did not appear at the funeral whereas Stalin appeared as chief mourner and Lenin’s closest friend.

3. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator REVIEW: PPQ #107. Why was Stalin able to become dictator of Russia by 1929? (6) Stalin became dictator for a number of reasons. Stalin was very clever in his ability to manipulate opponents - he used people and then ditched them. The main contenders were - Leon Trotsky, Nikolai Bukharin, Grigori Zinoviev, Andrei Rykov, Leon Kamenev Mikhail Tomsky and the least likely, Josef Stalin. He was clever and took advantage of the positions he held in the communist party - as General Secretary of the Communist party and had put many supporters in top Party posts to guarantee support. Stalin was also the beneficiary of many mistakes by the other contenders, namely Leon Trotsky. He played one group against the other and was underestimated by the other contenders. Stalin put himself forward as a great friend of Lenin, such as appearing as chief mourner at Lenin’s funeral. Stalin tricked Trotsky into missing Lenin’s funeral. Trotsky and other opponents made mistakes: Trotsky seriously underestimated Stalin. Trotsky’s ideas were too extreme for many as he wanted permanent revolution whereas Stalin’s policy was socialism in one country was widely favoured. Trotsky was arrogant and often offended other senior party members. He failed to take the opposition seriously - he made little effort to build up any support within the party. Trotsky also frightened many people in the USSR with his calls for ’permanent revolution’. Trotsky fell ill late in 1923 when Lenin was dying, and Trotsky needed to be at his most active. He was also the victim of a trick by Stalin about Lenin’s funeral - telling Trotsky it was on the 26th of January, when it was in fact on the 27th. Trotsky was away in the south of Russia and did not appear at the funeral whereas Stalin appeared as chief mourner and Lenin’s closest friend. Lenin’s warning about Stalin was ignored because of the jealousy of most communist leaders felt towards Trotsky. Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev accused Trotsky of trying to split the communist party. Stalin then had Zinoviev and Kamenev sacked having accused them of working with Trotsky.

4. TOPIC: Russia – The Emergence of Josef Stalin KD: 3. Identify: ‘Permanent Revolution’ - Policy by Trotsky to help spread communism by revolution in other countries by providing money and agents. He wanted to end the NEP and bring more socialist ways to the Soviet economy. Left Wing’ - Group within the Communist Party that wanted to end the NEP, quicken industrialisation using ‘shock brigades’ of workers and put pressure on peasants to produce more food. Included Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev. ‘Socialism in One Country’ - Policy by Stalin that Russia should focus on building a Communist state in the USSR and not outside. ‘‘Right Wing’ - Group within the Communist Party that wanted to continue the NEP, move slowly toward Socialism. Also wanted to support peasants so they could get rich enough to buy goods, thus helping industrial production. Included Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov.

5. DATE: March 17 - 19, 2015 TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator OBJECTIVE: 18. Describe how Stalin industrialised the USSR through the 5 year plans. REVIEW: Stalin Wins - Reasons. Why did Trotsky lose the leadership contest? (5) http://www.johndclare.net/ PPQ #118. Describe the main features of Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. (5) KD QUESTIONS: Use White, 86 - 88 and Walsh, pages 128 - 130 1. What were Stalin’s three main reasons for developing industry? p. 86 2. Why did Stalin need to develop agriculture? (hint: 3 main reasons) p. 86 3. Identify: Gosplan, planned economy, Five Year Plans p. 87 4. Describe each of the Five Year Plans. p. 87 - 88

6. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator KD QUESTIONS: 1. Stalin’s three main reasons for developing industry: p. 86 To provide the machinery (tractors) to mechanise farming and produce more food. Industrial independence - to make Russia less dependent on western industrial goods. To develop a strong industry capable of producing arms for defense. 2. Stalin’s need to develop agriculture: p. 86 Agriculture was not sophisticated - it was backward with traditional methods of strip farming using wooden ploughs. Stalin needed to feed the growing number of workers in developing industrial centers. Stalin needed to export grain in order to earn foreign currency and buy machinery and goods for industrialisation. Stalin’s plan for agricultural development was Collectivisation.

7. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator KD QUESTIONS: 3. Identify: Gosplan - the state planning agency set up in 1921 for the development of the Soviet economy by setting ambitious targets, especially in vital heavy industries of coal, iron, steel, oil and electricity. Planned for investment to create future wealth and expansion, including in agriculture. Planned Economy - method used by the USSR where the state would plan out and run the economy. It determined what should be produced, how, when and where it would be produced. Five Year Plans - a series of plans designed to develop vital areas of the Soviet economy with ambitious targets in specific time periods. 4. Each of the Five Year Plan: p. 87 - 88

8. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator KD QUESTIONS: 4. First 5 Year Plan (1928 - 1932)   Emphasised heavy industry - coal, iron, steel, oil and electricity - to lay the foundation for future industrial growth.   Targets were ambitious and unrealistic, but remarkable results were achieved - coal and iron production doubled and electric power almost tripled.   The USSR was rich in natural resources so whole cities were built from nothing (over 100) and workers taken out to the new industrial centres in remote areas like Siberia.   Huge new steel mills appeared at Magnitogorsk in the Urals and Sverdlovsk in central Siberia - 1500 new industrial plants built.   New dams and hydro-electric power fed industry’s energy requirements.

9. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Becomes Dictator KD QUESTIONS: 4. Second Five Year Plan (1933 - 1937)   Built on the achievements of 1st 5 year plan and still focused on heavy industry.   Other areas were also developed - mining for lead, tin, zinc and other minerals intensified as Stalin further exploited Siberia’s rich mineral resources.   Transport and communications were also boosted - new railways and canals were built, and the most spectacular was the Moscow underground railway   The production of tractors and other farm machinery increased dramatically, helping agriculture. Third Five Year Plan (1938 - 1941)   Some factories were to switch to the production of consumer goods.   As war approached, more resources were put into developing weapons. However, this plan was disrupted by the Second World War.

10. DATE: March 19 - 22, 2015 Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation OBJECTIVES: 18. Describe how Stalin industrialised the USSR through the 5 year plans. 19. Describe how Stalin’s Collectivisation plans were implemented. REVIEW: The Five Year Plans proved to be successful, but there was an enormous human cost with rapid industrialisation in the USSR. By 1937 the USSR was a modern state and it was this that saved it from defeat in WWII. KD QUESTIONS: Use White, 88 - 94 and Walsh, pages 131 - 132 1. How was industrialisation achieved in such a short time? 2. Complete the table about Stalin’s economic policies - Industrialisation. 3. What was Magnitogorsk? How did Stalin use it? p. 92 – 93

11. SOURCE 4 - Walsh, p. 128 Throughout history Russia has been beaten again and again because she was backward... All have beaten her because of her military, industrial and agricultural backwardness. She was beaten because people have been able to get away with it. If you are backward and weak, then you are in the wrong and may be beaten and enslaved. But if you are powerful, people must beware of you. It is sometimes asked whether it is not possible to slow down industrialisation a bit. No, comrades, it is not possible... To slacken would mean falling behind. And those who fall behind get beaten... That is why Lenin said during the October Revolution: ‘Either perish, or overtake and outstrip the advanced capitalist countries.’ We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries. Either we make good the difference in ten years or they crush us. Stalin speaking in 1931.

12. SOURCE 6 - Walsh, p. 129 What are the results of the Five-Year Plan in four years? We did not have an iron and steel industry. Now we have one. We did not have a machine tool industry. Now we have one. We did not have a modern chemicals industry. Now we have one. We did not have a big industry for producing agricultural machinery. Now we have one. Stalin speaking about the first Five-Year Plan in 1932.

13. Source 9 The achievements of the Five-Year Plans.

14. Source 9 The achievements of the Five-Year Plans.

15. Source 9 The achievements of the Five-Year Plans.

16. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation KD QUESTIONS / ANSWERS: Use White, 88 - 94 and Walsh, pages 131 - 132 1. Industrialisation achieved in such a short time: Many foreign experts and engineers were called in by Stalin to supervise the work and in their letters and reports they marvel at the toughness of the Russian people. The workers were constantly bombarded with propaganda, posters, slogans and radio broadcasts - Stakhanovites. They all had strict targets to meet and were fined if they did not meet them. The first Five-Year Plan revealed a shortage of workers, so from 1930 the government concentrated on drafting more women into industry.   It set up thousands of new crèches and day-care centres so that mothers could work.   By 1937 women were 40 per cent of industrial workers. Four out of five new workers recruited between 1932 and 1937 were women. Incentives were built in:   many Soviet workers had earned well-paid skilled jobs and earning bonuses for meeting targets.   Education became free and compulsory for all and Stalin invested huge sums in training schemes based in colleges and in the work place.

17. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation KD QUESTIONS / ANSWERS: Use White, 88 - 94 and Walsh, pages 131 - 132 1. Industrialisation achieved in such a short time: But, on the other hand, life was very harsh under Stalin. Factory discipline was strict and punishments were severe.   Lateness or absences were punished by sacking, and that often meant losing your flat or house as well.   the secret police introduced internal passports which prevented free movement of workers inside the USSR.   many of the workers were prisoners who had been sentenced to hard labour for being political opponents, or suspected opponents, of Stalin, or for being kulaks (rich peasants) or Jews.   Many others were simply unfortunate workers who had had accidents or made mistakes in their work but had been found guilty of ‘sabotage’.

18. Many deaths and accidents - 100,000 died building the Belomor Canal. Focus on heavy industry meant that there were few consumer goods. Most state housing was overcrowded - families. Wages actually fell between 1928 and 1937. The Soviet way of life was destroyed - ie. Islam The human cost of the policy A great deal of inefficiency, duplication of effort and waste. Targets were not always met. Failures of the policy Coal and iron production doubled and electric power almost tripled. Over 100 new cities and towns were built from nothing. Huge new steel mills and 1500 new industrial plants built. New dams and hydro-electric power fed industry’s energy. Successes of the policy USSR Modernised Propaganda, posters, slogans and radio broadcasts - Stakhanovites. They all had strict targets and fines imposed. Drafted more women into industry. Incentives were built in - bonuses and education. Punishments - sabotage, prison, labour camps, loss of rationing card. Measures taken to enforce the policy To provide the machinery needed to produce more food. Industrial independence. To develop a strong industry capable of producing arms for defense. Reasons policy was adopted Industrialisation Stalin’s economic policies: success or failure? Focus on - Industrialisation

19. This map shows the route of the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (Belomor Canal) between the White Sea and Baltic Sea. It shows the lakes Vygozero, Onega, and Ladoga, and the Svir' and Neva rivers too.

20. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation OBJECTIVES: 18. Describe how Stalin industrialised the USSR through the 5 year plans. 19. Describe how Stalin’s Collectivisation plans were implemented. KD ANSWERS: 3. Magnitogorsk : It was called the “city near the magnetic mountain” on the Siberian side of the Ural Mountains. It had huge reserves of iron ore and a steel plant was build. The workforce typically had few industrial skills and little industrial experience. To solve these issues, foreign specialists arrived to direct the work. Planners aligned living and production spheres so workers would live in a sector closest to the sector of the industrial band in which they worked. It was Russia’s model steel town according to Stalin’s Five-Year-Plans of the 1930s, producing over 10 million tons of cast iron by 1934, and over 15 million tons after 1937. Stalin used it to develop his industry, provide the USSR with iron ore for production and used it as PROPAGANDA to promote industrialisation.

21. DATE: March 24 - 26, 2015 Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation OBJECTIVES: 18. Describe how Stalin industrialised the USSR through the 5 year plans. 19. Describe how Stalin’s Collectivisation plans were implemented. COLLECTIVISATION PPQ: 109. Who were the kulaks? What was a kolkhoz? What was a Sovkhoz (4) 110. Why did Stalin introduce collectivism? (6) 111. How far was Stalin’s policy of collective farming successful? Explain. (10) 112. How successfully did Stalin reform agriculture? Explain. (6) 113. What were the advantages of collective farming? (4) 114. Why was collectivization opposed by many peasants? (6) KD QUESTIONS: Use White, 95 - 104 and Walsh, pages 132 - 133 1. List the main reasons Stalin wanted to modernise Soviet agriculture. Discuss. 2. Identify: Kulaks, Collectivisation (1929), Kolkhoz, Sovkhoz, OGPU, NKVD and Dekulakisation 3. Why do you think collectivisation faced more resistance than FYPs? Discuss. 4. Complete the table about Stalin’s economic policies - Collectivisation. http://www.johndclare.net/

22. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation KD QUESTIONS: Use White, 95 - 104 and Walsh, pages 132 - 133 1. Reasons Stalin wanted to modernise Soviet agriculture: The population of the industrial centres was growing rapidly and the country was already 2 million tons short of the grain it needed to feed its workers. Stalin also wanted to try to raise money for his industrialisation programme by selling exports of surplus food abroad. Agriculture was backward - collectives made it easier to introduce new machinery and methods. More mechanised agriculture would free up more labour for growing industries. Collectivisation was the Socialist way to farm land. 3. Collectivisation faced more resistance than FYPs: Discuss. The peasants, who had always been suspicious of government and were concerned about the speed of collectivisation. They disliked the losing control of farms to local Communist leader. They were being asked to grow crops such as flax for Russia’s industry rather than grain to feed themselves. They were asked to abandon a way of life that they and their ancestors had led for centuries.

23. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation 2. Identify: Collectivisation - (1929) process introduced by Stalin when all land and farms were put together and run by a committee. All animals, tools, and produce of the farm were shared, while produce would be sold to the state (90%) at a low price and, in return, the state would provide agricultural machinery to improve efficiency. 10% of produce was used to feed the farmers (kolkhoz). Kulaks - prosperous peasants that owned small farms, tools and animals. Kolkhoz - collective farms (Collectives) where peasants joined their plots to form larger state run farms. Government provided them with tractors, and all animals and tools were pooled together. Told what to grow and were paid a share of the profits and were allowed to keep a small plot of land to grow their own food. Sovkhozes - collective farm run by the State ‘Hoz’ farms were organized by the state, but ‘Toz’ farms were owned by peasants who shared machinery.

24. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Five Year Plans and Collectivisation 2. Identify: OGPU - State police who helped communist party officials organise peasants into collective farms. NKVD - secret police Dekulakisation - process that was part of collectivisation whereby kulaks (prosperous peasants that owned small farms) were targeted and blamed for anything that went wrong; it was an attempt to use class hatred to build support for collectivisation; neighbours and even children were encouraged to report on parents or anyone.

25. It’s estimated that 13 million peasants died as a result of collectivisation. Requisition parties came and took the food required by the government, often leaving the peasants to starve. Food production fell and there was a famine in 1932–1933 - millions died, even in Kazakhstan and Ukraine (USSR’s ‘breadbasket’). The human cost of the policy Peasants resisted and violence was grim and bitter. In March 1930 Stalin put a temporary halt to the policy. Food shortages in early 1930s - USSR never admitted or asked for int’l aid. Failures of the policy Introduced modern methods with tractors and fertilisers to farming. Grew more food in the 1930s and bred more cows and pigs. More food production freed up more workers for industrial projects. Kulaks were gone by 1934 and by 1941 Stalin had his collective farming. Successes of the policy OGPU helped party officials organise peasants into collective farms. The government offered free seed and modern machinery. Dekulakisation - Soviet propaganda tried to turn people against kulaks. Requisition parties took the food required by the government, often leaving the peasants to starve. Measures taken to enforce the policy The population was growing and needed to feed its workers. To raise money for his industrialisation programme - sell surplus food. Agriculture was backward - introduce new machinery and methods. Collectivisation was the Socialist way to farm land. Reasons policy was adopted Collectivisation Stalin’s economic policies: success or failure? Focus on - Collectivisation

26. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin’s Purges OBJECTIVE: 20. Describe how Stalin’s controlled the USSR. Use the following pages and take notes: Walsh, pages 134 - 136 and White, pages 105 - 107 and 110 - 112. 1. By the 1930s Stalin had developed the USSR into a TOTALITARIAN state. Who was Stalin’s new government compared to? 2. List one common feature of TOTALITARIAN rule. 3. By 1934 some communists thought it was time to slow industrialisation and improve relations with the peasants. Who was emerging as a possible figure to replace Stalin? 4. Between 1934 and 1938 Stalin set out to ‘PURGE’ the communist party of people who “might” oppose him. What were the trials called which were broadcast on radio, included laughable charges and often accompanied by confessions from prominent communists. 5. Of the 1,961 members at the 17th party congress in 1934, 1,108 were … 6. Of the 139 Central Committee members in 1934, 90 were … 7. Of the 11 POLITBURO members in 1934, 5 were … 8. During the period from 1934 to 1938 common people (doctors, actors, teachers, poets, writers, workers and farmers) lived in fear at work, in the office, on the farm, on the street and even at home. List 1 reason why so many lived in fear. 9. Stalin’s purge of the military was almost disastrous by 1941. 90% of all Soviet army _________ were removed. 10. By 1937 it is estimated that 18 million people had been transported to and 10 million Hitler’s Nazi Germany CONTROL by TERROR and of IDEAS: terror, secret police, labour camps, cult of leader, state controlled education, arts and sciences, propaganda and censorship, one party Kirov SHOW Arrested Killed Generals Labour Camps died. By 1939 it is estimated that over 20 million were sent to labour camps and 12 million died. I E EI C

27. DATE: March 29 – 31, 2015 Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin’s Purges and Totalitarian Rule REVIEW: Kirov The order of the Purges - 1934, Communists party - senior party members - the people (doctors, actors, teachers, poets, writers, workers and farmers) - Military - NKVD Show Trials OBJECTIVE: 21. Describe how Stalin achieved Totalitarian Rule. KD QUESTIONS: 1. Why did Stalin end the purges with a purge of the NKVD? p. 111 2. Why did Stalin carry out the purges? Use p. 112 and the sources. QTS. 2a. Study the Purges handout. In a general sense, describe the victims, their crimes and the punishments they received. 2c. Who was sent to the labour camps? p. 113 HW: Read pages 115 - 119. How did Stalin control the USSR? Discuss.

28. Russia TOPIC: Russia – Stalin Control Ideas - Cult of Personality FURTHER KD: 3. How did Stalin use terror and propaganda to control ideas in the USSR? p. 115 4. Describe how Stalin used - Arts, Education and the Church - to control ideas. p. 115 - 116 5. Describe ‘Cult of Personality’ on page 117. HW: PPQ #104. Explain why Stalin introduced the Purges. (7) PPQ# 105. ‘Stalin was a disaster for the Soviet Union. Do you agree with this statement? Explain. (8)

29. Year 11 History QUIZ #2 – HW Review Topic: Russia - Purges The following questions are intended to review HW reading materials from the following pages: Walsh, pages 134 - 136 - Stalin’s Purges and Cult of Personality; White, pages 105 - 107 and 110 - 112. Read the questions or comments below. Identify and complete your answer in the spaces provided. Use the back if necessary. ______________________ By the 1930s Stalin had developed the USSR into a TOTALITARIAN state. Who was Stalin’s new government compared to? ______________________ List one common feature of TOTALITARIAN rule. _______________________ By 1934 some communists thought it was time to slow industrialisation and improve relations with the peasants. Who was emerging as a possible figure to replace Stalin? _______________________ Between 1934 and 1938 Stalin set out to ‘PURGE’ the communist party of people who “might” oppose him. What were the trials called which were broadcast on radio, included laughable charges and often accompanied by confessions from prominent communists.

30. Year 11 History QUIZ #2 – HW Review Topic: Russia – Purges For numbers 5 - 7 circle the best answer. 5. Of the 1,961 members at the 17 th party congress in 1934, 1,108 were … A) KilledB) Arrested C) Exiled 6. Of the 139 Central Committee members in 1934, 90 were … A) KilledB) Arrested C) Exiled 7. Of the 11 POLITBURO members in 1934, 5 were … A) KilledB) Arrested C) Exiled

31. Year 11 History QUIZ #2 – HW Review Topic: Russia – Purges For numbers 8 - 10 fill in the blank spaces. 8. During the period from 1934 to 1938 common people (doctors, actors, teachers, poets, writers, workers and farmers) lived in fear at work, in the office, on the farm, on the street and even at home. List 1 reason why so many lived in fear. (1) __________________________________________________________ 9. Stalin’s purge of the military was almost disastrous by 1941. 90% of all Soviet army ________________ were removed. 10. By 1937 it is estimated that 18 million people had been transported to _____________________ and 10 million _____.

32. Period Quality of GovernmentStandard of LivingA Meaning to Life Before 1917 (Tsarist Russia ) Autocratic (Tsar Nicholas ignores the Duma) Oppressive (Okhrana secret police/\press censorship/ Cossack soldiers suppress peasant riots) Inefficient (huge size, many nationalities/ Tsar insists on doing work himself/ mistakes during the war – takes over army & ignores Rodzianko) Corrupt (Rasputin) Opposition (Social Revolutionaries, Communists/ assassinations) Peasant poverty (out-of-date farming methods/ periodic famines) Factory conditions Living conditions in towns (‘corner dwellers’) Rich nobles (= unfair distribution of wealth) (After 1914) war chaos (15 million deaths/ famine/ inflation). Love of the Tsar as a ‘father’ (damaged on Bloody Sunday 1905, but restored by the successful tercentenary celebrations in 1913) Orthodox religion (taught people to accept their position and sufferings). Mar-Nov 1917 (Provisional Govt) Democratic (Duma takes over, but no elections). Oppressive (death squads kill deserters/ army puts down peasants taking nobles land) Chaotic (Soviets are a rival government/ Order No.1/ anarchy in the countryside) Opposition (Bolsheviks and Kornilov – Provisonal Govt powerless against them). Continued the war (inflation and hunger got worse) Less produced than in 1914. Initial excitement of Revolution, but no ideology to sustain it.

33. Period Quality of GovernmentStandard of LivingA Meaning to Life Before 1917 (Tsarist Russia ) Autocratic (Tsar Nicholas ignores the Duma) Oppressive (Okhrana secret police/\press censorship/ Cossack soldiers suppress peasant riots) Inefficient (huge size, many nationalities/ Tsar insists on doing work himself/ mistakes during the war – takes over army & ignores Rodzianko) Corrupt (Rasputin) Opposition (Social Revolutionaries, Communists/ assassinations) Peasant poverty (out-of-date farming methods/ periodic famines) Factory conditions Living conditions in towns (‘corner dwellers’) Rich nobles (= unfair distribution of wealth) (After 1914) war chaos (15 million deaths/ famine/ inflation). Love of the Tsar as a ‘father’ (damaged on Bloody Sunday 1905, but restored by the successful tercentenary celebrations in 1913) Orthodox religion (taught people to accept their position and sufferings). Mar-Nov 1917 (Provisional Govt) Democratic (Duma takes over, but no elections). Oppressive (death squads kill deserters/ army puts down peasants taking nobles land) Chaotic (Soviets are a rival government/ Order No.1/ anarchy in the countryside) Opposition (Bolsheviks and Kornilov – Provisonal Govt powerless against them). Continued the war (inflation and hunger got worse) Less produced than in 1914. Initial excitement of Revolution, but no ideology to sustain it.

34. Period Quality of GovernmentStandard of LivingA Meaning to Life 1918-1924 (Bolshevik Rule and Civil War) Dictatorship of proletariat (Lenin dismisses Assembly) Oppressive (CHEKA/ censorship/ ‘Red Terror’ during Civil War) Ruthlessly efficient and well organised (eg Trotsky’s control of the army/ war communism) Certain freedoms Free love, divorce and abortion allowed Land taken from nobles and given to peasants. Workers (Factories controlled by workers’ committees/ Labour Law: 8hr day, dole and pensions/) BUT Civil War (both sides slaughter the other/ shortages, famine and disease) War communism (govt takes over factories/ strikers shot/ all surplus food to govt/ rationing) Less produced than in 1914. Communist zeal and hope (propaganda campaign – trains) Campaign to teach everyone to read BUT Religion banned (priests killed/ churches destroyed) 1924-1928 (NEP) Lenin’s dictatorship continues (Control by ‘the Party’) Oppressive (OGPU) NEP (Small factories handed back/ people allowed to set up private businesses/ advertising/ Lenin let the peasants sell their surplus, and pay a tax instead /the ‘Kulaks’ got rich). BUT Less produced than in 1914. Some private enterprise (lottery) Many Bolsheviks were disillusioned and angry. 1928-1941 (Stalin’s Russia ) Dictatorship Oppressive (Terror/ NKVD/ Show Trials and purges/ 20 million dead/ Gulag/ kulaks ‘eliminated’/ ‘Russification’) Corrupt (‘Apparatchiks’ get all best houses/ jobs) No human rights Collectivisation (peasants lose land/ slaughter of animals/ famines 1932-3) Five-Year Plans (crèches/ day-care centres/ women workers/ electricity/ Moscow Underground/ no unemployment/ doctors/ education/ New Towns) BUT (Until 1933) less food produced than in 1914 Concentration on heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods or good housing, although industrial production increased. Terrible working conditions (labour camps - slave labour/ accidents/ poor housing) Cult of personality Communist zeal of ‘Pioneers’ (propaganda – Stakhanovites) Stalin attacked Muslim faith

35. Stalin is a 1992 television film, produced for HBO, starring Robert Duvall portraying Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The film won three Golden Globe Awards. Filming was done in Budapest, Hungary and Moscow, Russia with extraordinary access to Kremlin buildings in the weeks surrounding the collapse of the Soviet Union.