2. Section 1: Earth’s Interior Who Studies Earth’s Interior?  Geologists  Scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth.  They study the processes that create Earth’s features and search for clues about Earth’s history.

3. What kind of evidence do scientists use to learn about the interior of the earth?  Direct vs. Indirect  Direct evidence: from rock samples. Scientists drill up to 12 km into the earth. Forces blast rock from as deep as 100 km.  Indirect evidence: from seismic waves

4. How do scientists study the Earth?  To reach the Earth’s core you would have to travel over 6,000 km (3,728 miles)!  Scientists record Seismic Waves – a vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake  Types of seismic waves –  P waves – travel through crust (6km/sec) and mantle (8km/sec)  S waves – will not travel through liquid http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/seismic/seismic.swf

5. What is the Earth’s structure?  The Crust  The Mantle  Lithosphere  Asthenosphere  The Core  Outer Core  Inner Core

6. What is the structure of the crust?  A layer of rock that forms the Earth’s outer skin including the rock under the ocean  Two types of crust:  Continental Crust  Granite – less dense crust  Oceanic Crust  Basalt – more dense rock

7. What is the structure of the mantle?  Two major parts:  Lithosphere – upper part of crust and mantle together; floats on top of the asthenosphere  Asthenosphere – softer than the mantle due to increasing temperature and pressure  The mantle is nearly 3,000 kilometers thick! (1,864 miles)

8. What is the structure of the core?  Two parts  Outer Core – liquid ; behaves like a thick liquid; forces the solid inner core to spin causing Earth’s magnetic field  Inner Core – solid ; extreme pressure squeezes the atoms of iron and nickel so that they cannot spread out to become liquid  Inner core and outer core are just slightly smaller than the moon

9. Chemical LayersPhysical Layers

10. Section 2: Convection and the Mantle How does Heat transfer?  Radiation – heat transfer through empty space; ex. sunlight  Conduction – heat transfer through direct contact  Convection - heat transfer by movement of heated fluids

11. How do convection currents affect the Earth?  Heating and cooling a fluid changes its density ; warmer fluids have a lower density and float ; colder fluids have a higher density and sink

12. Section 3 : Drifting Continents Were the continents once together?  Alfred Wegner hypothesized that all the continents had moved from a supercontinent known as Pangaea.

13. What is the evidence for Wegner’s idea?  Evidence of Continental Drift:  Landforms – similar mountain ranges  Fossils – similar fossils of a fernlike plant existed on both continents  Climate – tropical plant fossils found in cold climates

14. Section 4: Sea-Floor Spreading What is happening in the ocean?  Using sonar scientists discovered mountains under the ocean  The longest chain of mountains in the world is under the ocean and is known as the Mid- Ocean ridge!

15. Side-scan sonar locates missing plane Courtesy of NOAA. Side-scan sonar image of the remains of the submarine USS O-9 (SS-70) off the Isle of Shoals, New Hampshire in more than 400 feet of water. Courtesy of NOAA.

16. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2112456/Titanic- pictures-Extraordinary-sonar-images-map-shipwreck-ocean- floor.html SONAr image of the Titanic (2.5 miles below sea level)

17. Debris field surrounding the stern of the ship

18. Bow and stern sections rest 1.5 miles apart from each other.

19. What is sea-floor spreading?  Harry Hess suggested that at the mid-ocean ridge molten material rises from the mantle and erupts ; pushing older rock to both sides  This process is known as sea-floor spreading !

20. What is the evidence for Sea-floor spreading?  Evidence from Molten Material  Evidence from Magnetic Strips  Evidence from Drilling Samples

21. How can the ocean floor keep from getting wider and wider?  The older ocean floor plunges into deep- ocean trenches in a process known as subduction  Sea-floor spreading and subduction work together like a giant conveyer belt!

22. Section 5: What is the theory of plate tectonics?  The Earth’s lithosphere is cracked into separate sections known as plates  Geological theory states that these plates are in constant, slow motion, driven by the convection currents in the mantle

23. How is the theory of plate tectonics different from continental drift?  Continental drift is based on the movement of the continents DUE to plate tectonics  Continents are NOT the same as plates  Tectonic plates can be made up of both oceanic crust and continental crust

24. What happens where the plates meet?  Plate Boundaries – where the edges of the lithosphere meet; faults form along these boundaries:  Transform  Divergent  Convergent

25. What are Transform boundaries?  The place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions  Earthquakes occur frequently at these boundaries

26. What are Divergent Boundaries?  The place where two plates move apart, or diverge and create a rift valley  Most occur at the mid-ocean ridge although some can occur on land

27. What are Convergent boundaries?  The place where two plates come together, or converge creating a collision  Subduction occurs at convergent boundaries  The density of the crust determines which curst will be on top – if both plates are the same density they form a mountain range