1. Let’s Review Europe Geography Ancient History Middle History Pre-Modern History Modern History Vocab/People to Know

2. Geography Italy, Spain, & Greece = peninsulas = great for trade; fertile soil in Italy & Spain England = Island (good/bad)= fertile soil Alps Mts. = top of Italy Mediterranean Sea is key for trade = big$$ Natural resources are ok, but always better to have (steal) more Climate is much like ours, temperate Lots of useful rivers throughout

3. Ancient History Ancient Greece = foundation of our world Invented Democracy = gov’t by the people, Olympics, architecture, math, medicine, philosophy = Plato, Aristotle, Socrates Ancient Rome = also foundation for us Invented Republic = gov’t where people elect representatives, Law, architecture, roads, math, science, army, coliseum, etc. Julius Caesar = Senate destroys him, but was great General & reformer for poor Augustus (Octavian) = Pax Romana Christianity starts spreading = becomes official religion of the Roman Empire

4. Middle History 500 – 1500 Rome falls in 455 A.D. = Barbarians now control Western Europe & they are dumb=Dark Ages Eastern Europe = Byzantine Empire & they are smart thanks to Islamic influences Constantinople = capital of Byz. & serves as a great center for knowledge & trade, connects Asia to Europe Feudalism starts to control the chaos of W.Europe = Kings give up power to Nobles, Knights defend, serfs do work, no mobility+ feudal oath is law Church becomes MAJOR power = Crusades are a win/loose, Cathedrals get built = Gothic & Romanesque, Pope, clergy Black Death = fleas on rats wipe out half of Europe’s population, people blamed God, women, Jews, foreigners + lots of business opportunities

5. Middle to Pre-Modern1500-1800 Renaissance = rebirth, starts in Italy, effects only the rich, body/mind/soul makeover, Ninja Turtle artists like Leonardo & Michelangelo Protestant Reformation = Martin Luther, 95 Thesis, indulgences, Guttenberg's Printing Press, Bible in vernacular (people’s language) instead of Latin Age of Exploration = conquer the New World Age of Absolutism = Divine Right; Louis XVI & XVII of France have Versailles; James I & Charles I of England one loses a head; Peter & Catherine of Russia have modernization; Philip II of Spain has the New World, an Armada & the Inquisition

6. Pre-Modern History 1800 -1912 Enlightenment ideas start = Locke & Rousseau talk about Natural Rights of Man, goes vs. Absolute Monarchs Revolutions start up b/c of these ideas = France: 3 Estates, Bougesie want rights, Declaration, Constitution, Reign of Terror, Napoleon = great General, Emperor for Life, created schools, laws, new taxes Industrial Revolution = starts in England, starts with farming, machines replace men, factory life stinks, unions start up

7. Modern History 1912 – 2003 WWI = everybody wants to be #1, trench warfare, stalemate, everyone hates Germany, Treaty of Versailles Totalitarianism starts up after the war = Franco in Spain, Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in Russia & Hitler in Germany WWII = Holocaust, Japan, everyone hates Germany again, Russia becomes powerful Cold War = spread of Communism is a problem, Berlin Wall, NATO members Creation of the European Union (EU) = most countries makes the Euro the official currency

8. People & Vocab to Know Mussolini, Stalin & Hitler + Franco Napoleon/ Congress of Vienna John Locke, Rousseu Martin Luther, John Calvin Galileo, Magellean, da Gama Nicky, George & Willy Louis XIV & XVI +Marie A. Peter the Great & Catherine the Great Henry VIII, Mary, Elizabeth I Huguenots, Puritans = boring/strict religious freaks Machiavelli,Michelangelo,Leo da Vinci Alexander the Great=Hellenistic Pope Leo X Oliver Cromwell, James I & Charles I Julius Caesar, Octavian=Pax Romana Marx, Lenin, Trotsky = Communism Marco Polo = Silk Road Scramble for Africa/Imperialism Holocaust = genocide, ethnic cleansing Treaty of Versailles/WW I & WW II Feudalism=Social Classes European Union=Euro Black Death = ¼ pop. dead Cold War = containment Renaissance = Classicism Enlightenment = natural rights Protestant Reformation/Indulgences French Revolution =learn from U.S 5 yr. Plans = big failure for Stalin Crusades = kill infidels=learn stuff Age of Exploration = Colombus Cultural Diffusion = Cathedrals, Gothic & Romanesque Berlin Wall, Berlin Airlift = East/West G Democracy, Republic, Monarchy Industrial Revolution = farms to factories