1. SECTION 1: WHAT IS A MINERAL? SECTION 2: IDENTIFYING MINERALS SECTION 3: FORMATION, MINING AND USE OF MINERALS Chapter 3

2. Section 1: What is a Mineral? Mineral- naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure. Mineral GroupComposition Silicate Minerals Ex. Quartz, feldspar, mica contain silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O) and one or more metals Nonsilicate minerals do not contain Silicon Si and Oxygen O

3. Groups of Nonsilicate Minerals GroupChemical Composition Uses 1. Native elementsone element Ex. Copper Cu, Gold Au, Silver Ag -Communications electronics 2. CarbonatesCarbon C and Oxygen O Cement, building stones, fireworks 3. HalidesFluorine F, Chlorine Cl + Sodium Na or Calcium Ca -Chemical industry -detergents 4. OxidesOxygen O + other elements Abrasives, aircraft parts, paint. 5. SulfatesSulfur S and Oxygen O.cosmetics, toothpaste, cement, paint 6. SulfidesSulfur S + other elements Batteries, medicines, electronics

4. Check Point………….. Describe the two major groups of minerals Which is a nonsilicate mineral? a. Mica b. Quartz c. Gypsum d. Feldspar

5. Section 2: Identifying Minerals PropertyDesription 1.Colornot the best way to identify because color can change overtime due to impurities 2. Luster-the way a surface reflects light -shiny or dull 3. Streak-color of mineral in powdered form - determined using a streak plate 4. Cleavagewhen minerals break along smooth, flat surface 5. Fracturewhen minerals break along either curve or irregular surface 6. Hardnessability of a mineral to resist scratching - measured using Mohs Hardness Scale 7. Densitymeasure of how much matter is in a given amount of space

6. Mohs Hardness Scale: To help remember minerals in order of hardness…. T errible G iants C an F ind A lligators O r Q uaint T igers C onveniently D igestible ScaleMineral 1Talc (softest) 2Gypsum 3Calcite 4Fluorite 5Apatite 6Orthoclase 7Quartz 8Topaz 9Corundum 10Diamond (hardest)

7. Special Properties of Minerals PropertyDescription 1. FluorescenceMinerals glow under ultraviolet light. 2. MagnetismMinerals that attract iron 3. Chemical reactionMinerals will fizz when weak acid is placed on it 4. TasteHalite has a salty taste 5. Optical propertyMinerals will cause a double image when placed over the image 6. RadioactivityA Geiger counter determines when minerals have radium Ra or Uranium U

8. Check Point…………. How do you determine a mineral’s streak? If a mineral scratches calcite but is scratched by apatite, what is the mineral’s hardness? Describe two special properties of minerals.

9. Section 3: Formation, Mining and Use of Minerals Environment where minerals form How minerals form 1. Evaporating waterAs salt water evaporates, minerals crystallize 2. Metamorphic RocksChange in pressure, temperature, chemical make up of rock (metamorphism) 3. LimestonesDissolved materials crystallize on the bottom of lakes 4. Hot-water solutionsGroundwater is heated by magma 5. PegmatiteTear-drop shaped bodies formed as magma moves upward 6. PlutonsMagma that solidifies before reaching Earth's surface

10. Mining Two Types: 1. Surface Mining- done when mineral deposits are located at or near the surface Ex. Open-pit, surface coal mines or strip mining, quarries 2. Subsurface Mining- used when mineral deposits are located deep within the Earth.

11. Responsible Mining Reclamation- land used for mining is returned to its original state or better

12. Use of Minerals 1. Metallic minerals- used in aircraft, cars, computers, communications, electronic equipment, spacecraft Ex. Gold, silver, copper 2. Nonmetallic minerals- used in building roads, buildings, bridges, glassmaking, producing computer chips Ex. Calcite, silica

13. Gemstones Nonmetallic minerals highly valued for their beauty and rarity rather than usefulness. The more attractive the color is, the more valuable the gem is. Ex. Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Aquamarine

14. Check Point………….. What are the two main types of mining and how are they different? Which is not important in the formation of minerals? a. Presence of groundwater b. Evaporation c. Volcanic activity d. wind