2. Closure Model for Cyclic Operation of I.C. Engines P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department The Ultimate Goal of Modeling is …????? Accurate Prediction of TheCyclic Integral.….

3. The Ultimate Goal of Thermodynamic Modelling

4. 3—4 Isentropic expansion of the burned gases For a infinitesimal expansion process: Using first order models for properties:

5. The Pseudo Cooling Process

6. 4—5 Ideal adiabatic blow down Sudden Exhaust :

7. More Realistic Exhaust blow down Late in power cycle exhaust valve is opened Pressure differential pushes hot exhaust gas out of cylinder and through exhaust system. When piston is at BDC Exhaust gas carries away high amount of enthalpy, which lowers cycle thermal efficiency. The mass blow down process, which occurs between EVO and BDC (180 CA), is to be thermodynamically designed to enhance the predictive capability of the cyclic integral. An empirical correlation for the blow down pressure is obtained as in the following form:

8. Nature of Blowdown After EVO, the mass in cylinder decreases sharply as gas blowdown occurs due to the significant pressure difference across the exhaust valve. In the most cases, 20% -- 50% of the exhaust gas exits the exhaust valve during the blowdown process. During the exhaust stroke, the piston moves towards TDC, which further pushes the mass of gases in cylinder to leave the engine. At 720 o CA, the mass of gases residing in the clearance volume, which is termed as the residual gas, will be mixed with the fresh intake charge in the subsequent cycle

9. Empirical Relations for Pressure during blowdown where and m =0.45 is the shape factor determined by experimental correlation.

10. Intake Conditions The residual mass fraction (f ), a parameter which is crucial in the determination of the charge air/gas temperature at IVC (Ti). This is estimated from the previous cycle. Hence, the residual mass fraction can be estimated by

11. Cycle Performance Parameters Net Work Transfer : This is work done by working fluid on the piston, also called as Indicated Work. Indicative Performance:

12. Specific Fuel Consumption  XSFC – specific fuel consumption (kg/kWh).  X must always be specified when reporting these values (i.e., I for indicated) Fuel consumption of an engine reported in L/h or kg/h because these values ignore engine load. A better measure of fuel consumption is,

13. Specific Fuel Consumption Variations ISFC – indicated specific fuel consumption BSFC - brake specific fuel consumption PSFC – PTO specific fuel consumption DSFC – drawbar specific fuel consumption

14. Indicative Mean Effective Pressure: Actual Fuel- Air Ratio : Stoichiometric Fuel- Air Ratio : Parameters for Performance Diagnosis

15. Fuel Air Equivalence Ratio:

16. Selection of Mixture Strength