1. Release 16/7/2009 Internetworking Devices Chapter 10 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

2. Release 16/7/2009 Chapter Objectives Explain repeater Discuss the working of a bridge and its types Explain the working and features of routers Explain the operation of hubs and hub configurations Discuss the working of switch and different switching methods Explain gateway Describe multi-protocol routers, brouters and layer 3 switches Explain routing protocols Troubleshoot different networking devices Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

3. Release 16/7/2009 Recall - I Internet Protocol (IP) address is a 32 bit unique address used by computers for communication. Classful IP addressing and Classless IP addressing are types of IP addressing. List of classful IP addresses are:  Class A address  Class B address  Class C address  Class D address  Class E address Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

4. Release 16/7/2009 Recall - II Special addresses are IP addresses which are never used on the public internet. They are  Private addresses  Loop-back addresses  Link-local addresses Mobile IP protocol allows mobile device users to move from one network to another while maintaining their permanent IP address. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

5. Release 16/7/2009 Introducing Network Elements Networking devices interconnects networks Manage data flow and network traffic Networking Devices RepeatersHubsBridgesSwitchesRoutersGateways Other Devices Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

6. Release 16/7/2009 Show Repeater through CBT Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

7. Release 16/7/2009 Repeaters Operate at Physical Layer of the OSI model Reshape the weak signal Connect two segments of the same LAN Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

8. Release 16/7/2009 Hubs - I Simplest and low cost device Also known as Multi-port Repeater Operates at Physical Layer like Repeater Data transfer to all the ports Hub types: Active hub – Provides signal regeneration Passive hub – No signal regeneration Intelligent hub – Provides management of each port Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

9. Release 16/7/2009 Operation of Hub Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

10. Release 16/7/2009 Hubs Configurations Hub Configurations StandaloneStackableModular Hub configurations can be used to expand networks. Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

11. Release 16/7/2009 Bridges - I Layer 2 devices as it works at Data Link Layer of the OSI model Interconnect multiple LANs and manages data flow Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

12. Release 16/7/2009 Working of bridge through CBT Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

13. Release 16/7/2009 Bridges - II Working of a bridge Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

14. Release 16/7/2009 Bridges - III Capable of passing a frame Check Physical address Pass frame to the specified segment Perform error checking on the frame Bridges Transparent Bridge Translational Bridge Source-route Bridge Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

15. Release 16/7/2009 Types of Bridge Transparent Bridge – common in ethernet network Translational bridge – used to connect two different network such as ethernet and token ring Source-route Bridge – found in token ring technology Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

16. Release 16/7/2009 Bridges - IV Features  Easy to use as just plug in device  Helps in network expansion  Divides large network into small segments  Used for increasing network reliability Disadvantages  Frames are buffered so provides network delay  During high traffic may overload network  Does not filter broadcast packets  Expensive than Repeaters Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

17. Release 16/7/2009 Switches Provide signal flow management Replace slower hub Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC address for data transfer Data transfer to specific port Switching Methods Cut-through Method Store & Forward Method Fragment-Free Method Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

18. Release 16/7/2009 Multispeed Switches Having number of ports such as 100 Base T and one or two gigabit ports Port detects the speed of NIC and runs at that speed is called auto sensing Port runs at 10, 100 or gigabit is referred to as 10/100/1000 port Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

19. Release 16/7/2009 Routers - I Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model Can connect nearer or far network segments Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

20. Release 16/7/2009 Routers - II Works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments Having LAN and WAN ports WAN port connects to regular phone line or more advanced telephone connection like ISDN, ADSL, T1 or may be a cable modem Route the packets seeing the IP address stored in the packet Comes in variety shapes, sizes and functions Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

21. Release 16/7/2009 Routers - III Decide the best route with the help of network layer address Responsible for Source to Destination delivery of packet For routing decisions routers use routing algoritm Router types: Static router – Routing tables are manually configured Dynamic router – Routing tables are automatically configured Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

22. Release 16/7/2009 Router considers number of hops, time delay and link cost to find the best path An autonomous system (AS) consists of network groups and routers which are managed by a single organisation Routing Protocols - I Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

23. Release 16/7/2009 Gateways - I Operate at all layers of the OSI model Act as gate to other networks A default gateway is on the same subnet as your computer Gateway Types Address Gateway Protocol Gateway Application Gateway Transport Gateway Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

24. Release 16/7/2009 Gateways - II Address Gateway – Interconnects same protocol networks Protocol Gateway – Interconnects different protocol networks Application Gateway – Connects two parts of applications Transport Gateway – Connects networks at transport layer Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

25. Release 16/7/2009 Other Devices - I Multi-protocol router supports multiple communication protocols Like router, it operates at Network Layer Other Devices Multi-Protocol Routers Brouters Layer 3 Switches Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

26. Release 16/7/2009 Other Devices - II Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge and Router Works at two layers, Data Link and Network Can operate only as bridge or only as router High performance switch operating at network layer is Layer 3 Switch Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

27. Release 16/7/2009 Summary - I Repeater is basically a regenerator as it regenerates the signal Repeater and Hub are layer 1 devices as they operate at the Physical layer of the OSI model A multi-port repeater is known as Hub Hubs are of three types, active hub, passive hub and intelligent hub Active hub regenerates the signal before passing and Passive hub does not regenerate signal Types of bridges are Transparent bridge, Translational bridge and Source-route bridge Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

28. Release 16/7/2009 Summary - II Switch filters and forwards data to the destination Switch uses cut through, store and forward or fragment free method for switching A router is an intelligent device which functions at the Network layer Router is capable of connecting many network segments even though the segments are far Routers are of two types, Static router and Dynamic router The Netstsat and Route Print commands are used to view the routing table Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

29. Release 16/7/2009 Summary - III Routing algorithms are used by the routing protocols to determine the next port to which the packet is to be sent Routing protocols are of two types, interior and exterior RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF and IS-IS are interior routing protocols and BGP is an exterior routing protocol OSPF and IS-IS uses Link state algorithm BGP uses path vector routing Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

30. Release 16/7/2009 Summary - IV Gateway is a networking device which converts data format and not actual data Backbone is a segment that connects other segments Multi-protocol routers support more than one communication protocols and works at network layer Brouter provides combinational functions of a bridge and a router As name suggests Layer 3 switch operates at layer 3 i.e. network layer of the OSI model Jetking Infotrain Ltd.