1. APUSH UNIT 6-1 MOD 2 AMERICA’S SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. PART 1: THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS

3. WHAT ARE MONOPOLIES? Also called trusts, integration One company dominates / controls THEIR market - >drives all competition out of business Oil refining Steel Sugar

4. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN? Horizontal Integration? Vertical Integration? Control the market for your good – example: all oil refining factories Expected idea of a monopoly Buy all of the pieces of the process – lower your costs; easy way to start a monopoly

5. WHAT ARE THE MARKERS OF THE 2 ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN AMERICA? Steel, oil, chemicals (still making clothes) Mass Production -> moving assembly line Factories located in urban areas -> immigrant labor Unsafe conditions Rail to ship goods Monopolies

6. ANDREW CARNEGIE 1835-1919 Who was he? Later in life – does a lot of charity Example of the “American Dream” Immigrant family, works his way up What was his business? 1 st billion dollar company US Steel What type of monopoly did he start with? Vertical -> horizontal later

7. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 1839-1937 Who was he? Borrowed money from his father Good head for business What was his business? Standard Oil: oil refinery -> kerosene (heat and light) What type of monopoly did he start with? Horizontal (had the funds to do that)

8. THE ROCKEFELLERS THE ROCKEFELLERS FROM PBS’ AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: 9:50-11:10 + 14:25-30:20 a.What methods did he use to build his business empire? a.How successful was he? (quantify please) a.How did John D. Rockefeller change business practices? How influential was he?

9. ROBBER BARON CARTOONS What is the cartoonist’s opinion about monopolies? How do we know from looking at the cartoon?

10. JOSEPH KEPPLER 1889: BOSSES OF THE SENATE

11. SAMUEL EHRHARDT 1889: HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF

12. JOSEPH KEPPLER 1904 NEXT! Which two of the facts below might help explain Keppler’s depiction of Standard Oil? 1.In 1911, the Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil had to be split into several smaller companies. 2.By the 1880s, Standard Oil had become the largest oil refiner in the country, controlling access to 90% of the refined oil in the US. 3.By the early 1890s, there were more than 4,000 millionaires in America, and most of them claimed to be self-made men. 4.Throughout the year 1904, investigative journalist Ida Tarbell published her famous series of articles on Standard Oil, mostly critiquing the company's ruthless practices.

13. ANDREW CARNEGIE’S GOSPEL OF WEALTH GOSPEL OF WEALTH a.According to Carnegie, what are the duties of the man of wealth? a.How does Carnegie view charity? In what instances does Carnegie believe that charity is most beneficial?

14. ROBBER BARONS OR CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY?

15. PART 2: THE “NEW” IMMIGRATION

16. WHAT CHANGES IN IMMIGRATION PATTERNS OCCURRED AROUND 1890? See map sequence with visuals and information from PBS’s Destination AmericaDestination America

17. “POTATO FAMINE” 1851-1860 Although the Irish potato blight receded in 1850, the effects of the famine continued to spur Irish emigration into the 20 th century. Still facing poverty and disease, the Irish set out for American where they reunited with relatives who had fled at the height of famine

18. “LAND OF OPPORTUNITY” 1861-1870 The growing population of Prussia and the independent German states outstripped the available land. Industrialization could not provide decent- paying jobs, and political rights were limited. Dissatisfied with the lack of land and opportunity, many Germans left

19. “RELIGIOUS FREEDOM” 1871-1880 In 1871, Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck united the German states to form the German Empire. Whereas precious German immigrants had been mainly from Northern Germany, under Protestant Prussian rule, they came from southern, predominantly Catholic states

20. “THE AGE OF STEAM” 1881-1890 A new surge of Irish emigration resulted from more crop failures and increasing political and religious strife. Emigration from England (and to a lesser extent Scotland and Wales) continued, mainly by skilled laborers seeking work in America’s industries and farmers seeking land

21. “SOUTHERN ITALIANS” 1891-1900 Italian Immigration was fueled by dire poverty. Life in Southern Italy, including the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, offered landless peasants little more than hardship, exploitation, and violence. Even the soil was poor, yielding little, while malnutrition and disease were widespread

22. “RUSSIAN POGROMS” 1901-1910 The anti-Semitic violence of the Russian pogroms drove millions of Jews out of the Russian Empire. In the Austro- Hungarian Empire, people emigrated to escape army conscription and ethnic tensions, such as the forced assimilation of Hungary’s minority groups

23. WHAT ARE THE PUSH AND PULL FACTORS FOR IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA DURING THE GILDED AGE? Push Starvation Poverty Violence Political Change Ethnic Strife / Religious Persecution Lack of Land / jobs Pull Lots of jobs / land Religious Freedom Family / Friends / “streets are paved with gold” stories Food

24. WHO CAME TO… Ellis Island?Angel Island? New York City -> EuropeSan Francisco -> Asia (Japan)

25. HOW DID IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA WORK TO MAKE THEIR EXPERIENCE BETTER? Getting jobs Culturally homogenous neighborhoods Little Italy 1900

26. WHAT WAS AMERICA’S REACTION TO THE NEW IMMIGRATION? Nativism (discrimination against immigrants) New Immigrants SO DIFFERENT New Immigration leads to a preference for Anglo Saxons Americanization Work in factories – paid less than non-recent immigrants (Americans worry that immigrants will take their jobs)

27. READ THE BINTEL BRIEFS a)What are some generalizations about the immigrant experience? a)What are some generalizations you can make about the urban experience during the Gilded Age from these stories?

28. PART 3: LABOR UNIONS

29. COMPLETE THE CHARTS OF MAJOR LABOR MOVEMENTS AND ACTIONS USING YOUR NOTES

30. GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 Time Frame July-September 1877 Groups Involved Railroad workers (not a specific union) Major Demands Revoke the wage cuts Successes Unions became better organized for future strikes Problems Businesses and the government became better organized against future strikes

31. KNIGHTS OF LABOR AND HAYMARKET SQUARE Time Frame May 4, 1886 Groups Involved Knights of Labor and other unions Major Demands Original protest was against McCormick reaper plant Haymarket was to protest police violence against that strike Successes … Problems Labor unions are looked on as anarchists – serious loss of momentum

32. GRANGE / FARMERS’ ALLIANCE Time Frame 1870’s-1890’s Groups Involved Farmers Major Demands Assistance for farmers like low interest loans or inflation to help pay off debts Used cooperatives to get better prices for their goods and better freight rates Successes Hatch Act (federal funding for ag research) and Interstate Commerce Act (federal government would create the ICC to monitor fair practices) were passed Problems Cooperatives didn’t work, most demands didn’t get met, ICC was useless at first

33. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL) Time Frame Formed in 1886 Groups Involved Skilled workers led by Samuel Gompers Major Demands Better wages, hours and working conditions Successes Got demands met for skilled laborers. Union grew to 2 million members by 1900’s Problems Discriminated against everyone except white men who were skilled laborers

34. PRACTICE QUESTION FOR HAYMARKET

35. READ THE DOCUMENTS ON THE HOMESTEAD AND LUDLOW STRIKES AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

36. HOMESTEAD STRIKE Against Which Company? Demands Company Response Outcome

37. LUDLOW STRIKE Against Which Company? Demands Company Response Outcome

38. IN GENERAL –WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF LABOR UNIONS DURING THE GILDED AGE?