1. Verbs (simple past & present perfect) cost cut hurt let put read beat --- cost --- cut --- hurt --- let --- put --- read --- beat 不变 ( 原型 --- 过去式 --- 过去分词 )

2. Verbs (simple past & present perfect) build feel hold make pay --- built --- felt --- held --- made --- paid 过去式与过去分词一致

3. Verbs (simple past & present perfect) bring buy / think / (fight) catch teach build lose / send /spend /learn/mean feel keep / sleep/ spell/ sweep sell tell win hold 过去式与过去分词一致 brought caught caught felt built sold won won held

4. Verbs (simple past & present perfect) meet / (feed) pay / say / (lay) make / have sit find Hear stand Show Leave met paid made sat sat found found heard stood stood showed left 过去式和过去分词一致

5. Verbs (simple past & present perfect) meet / (feed) pay / say / (lay) make / have sit find Hear stand Show Leave met paid made sat sat found found heard stood stood showed left 过去式和过去分词一致

6. Verbs (simple past & present perfect) fly grow know draw --- flew --- flown --- grew --- grown --- knew --- known --- drew --- drawn 过去式变 ew, 过去分词加 own/awn

7. Verbs (simple past & present perfect) am/is/are go do wear see eat give take --- was/were --- been --- went --- gone --- did --- done --- wore --- worn --- saw --- seen --- ate --- eaten --- gave --- given --- took --- taken 原形，过去式， 过去分词完全不一致

8. 一般现在时 —— am ／ is ／ are + v.p.p. 一般过去时 —— was ／ were +v.p.p. 一般将来时 —— will be ／ be going to be + v.p.p. 情态动词 —— aux.v. (must ／ can ／ could ／ may…) + be + v.p.p. 现在完成时 —— have/has +been+ v.p.p. 被动语态的构成： be +vt.p.p. 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者 。