1. Chapter 14 World War I and the Russian Revolution
Lesson 1
World War I Begins

2. Troops not entrenched— very mobile
A War on Two Fronts
How did the war on the Western Front compare with the war on the Eastern Front?
Western Front
Eastern Front
French and German trenches stretching from English Channel to Switzerland
Troops not entrenched— very mobile
German Schlieffen Plan stopped by French troops
Russians defeated in Germany and Galicia—suffer 2.5 million casualties
Both sides bogged down in trenches for most of war
Successes for Germany and Austria-Hungary
Enormous loss of life

3. Serbian Nationalism
How did Serbian nationalism lead to the outbreak of war?
• Serbian nationalists were determined to create an independent Slavic state that would include parts of Austria-Hungary.
• Austria-Hungary was determined to keep those Slavic lands as part of its empire.
• Serb terrorist assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Hapsburg throne, and his wife in Sarajevo.
• After Germany promised support, Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia.

4. Preparations for War
• Industrialization spurred manufacture of materials for warfare.
• Countries established conscription to increase size of armed forces.
• Military leaders created plans to mobilize soldiers and supplies.
• Political leaders felt forced to implement military leaders' mobilization plans.

5. Nationalism and Imperialism
How did nationalism and imperialism lead to discord?
• Each European nation-state was determined to advance its own interests, even by means of war.
• Competition for colonies aggravated existing rivalries.
• Ethnic groups without their own national states wanted independence.

6. Chapter 14
Lesson 2
World War I

7. Women and the War How did World War I affect women? New jobs
• Men were at war, so more women entered the workforce.
• Women had new job opportunities in industry, transportation, and commerce.
• However, many jobs were given back to men at the conclusion of the war.

8. Women and the War Postwar gains
• Right to vote in Germany, Austria, and the United States
• Right to run for and hold political office
• More independence in employment and living situations for many upper-class and middle-class women

9. Total War Complete mobilization of resources and people
• All citizens, even noncombatants, affected
• Conscription; millions in active duty
• Manufacturing geared to military
Increase in government powers
• Free-market economic systems put aside
• Price and wage controls
• Food and materials rationed

10. Total War • Food and materials rationed
• Transportation and manufacturing taken over by government
Government manipulation of citizens
• Authoritarian governments subdued with force
• Democratic governments expanded control
• Censorship
• Propaganda

11. The War Widens How did the war widen into a global conflict? 1915
• Italy attacks Austria; joins Allies.
• Bulgaria enters war; joins with Central Powers.
• Allied Powers declare war on Ottoman Empire; land forces at Gallipoli.

12. The War Widens
1917
• Lawrence of Arabia (British officer) encourages Arab princes to revolt against Ottomans.
• Allies seize German colonies in the Pacific.
• Germans resume unrestricted submarine warfare despite strong protests from United States.
• United States enters war on the side of the Allies.

13. Lesson 3 The Russian Revolution
Chapter 14
Lesson 3
The Russian Revolution

14. “Worker Control of Production” “All Power to the Soviets”
Bolshevik Slogans
Reflect on what you have learned about the rise of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Russia. Then, as a homework assignment, consider each of the slogans below. For each one, write a few sentences to explain why the Bolsheviks chose it.
“Peace, Land, Bread”
“Worker Control of Production”
“All Power to the Soviets”

15. War Communism • Government control of banks
• Government control of most industries
• Government seizure of grain and produce from peasants
• Centralization of government administration under Communist control

16. The Soviets
The Soviets were councils representing soldiers, workers, and farmers. They were:
• in army units, factory towns, and rural areas.
• made up largely of socialists.
• representative of the interests of the lower classes.
• made powerful by the Bolsheviks.

17. The Bolsheviks Seize Power
• The Bolsheviks were dedicated to violent revolution.
• In April 1917, Lenin returned from abroad, with the backing of German leaders.
• Under Lenin, the Bolsheviks worked to control the soviets.
• Bolshevik slogans were “Peace, Land, Bread,” “Worker Control of Production,” and “All Power to the Soviets.”
• By the end of October 1917, the Bolsheviks had enough members to claim power.

18. The Bolsheviks Seize Power
• On November 6, 1917, the Bolsheviks seized the Winter Palace, overthrowing the provisional government.

19. Collapse of the Romanov Dynasty
What factors led to the collapse of the 300-year-old dynasty and its replacement with a provisional government?
• World War I was going badly for Russia.
• Russian government was autocratic and out of touch.
• Food prices increased.
• Czar lost support of army and aristocrats.
• Duma formed provisional government and pressured czar to resign.
• Aleksandr Kerensky led provisional government that replaced czar.

20. Chapter 14
Lesson 4
World War I Ends

21. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Lenin signed The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany on March 3, 1918
• The treaty allowed the Germans to withdraw from World War I. However, peace came at a cost.
• Russia gave up a considerable amount of territory.
o Ukraine and Georgia became independent.
o Finland, Poland, and the Baltic provinces were ceded to the Central Powers

22. William II of Germany William II left Germany on November 9, 1918.
Causes of William II’s abdication:
• His dismissal of Bismarck and support of German imperialism
• His anti-British foreign policy
• His refusal to renew treaty with Russia
• His encouragement of Austro-Hungarian aggression
• His role in getting Germany into World War I
• Allies’ refusal to make peace with him

23. Attempts at Revolution in the New German Republic
• A group of radical socialists formed the German Communist Party after World War 1 and attempted to seize power in Berlin and Munich.
• The Social Democratic government overpowered the rebels and murdered their leaders.
• As a result of the attempts at revolution, the German middle class developed a fear of communism.

24. Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
• The empire’s citizens were weary and disenchanted because of World War I.
• One by one, ethnic groups revolted and became independent.
• The empire was replaced by the independent republics of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, along with the large monarchical state of Yugoslavia.

25. The League of Nations
• Woodrow Wilson wanted a league, or worldwide association, of nations for international peacekeeping.
• The league's purpose was to prevent future wars.
• Wilson believed the league would correct any unfair settlements made at the Paris Peace Conference.
• The U.S. Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
• Thus, the United States did not join the League of Nations.

26. William II of Germany Effects of William II’s abdication:
• Replacement of the German monarchy with a democratic republic
• Armistice with Allies