1. Special Senses: Hearing, Olfaction, Taste  Anatomy of the Ear  Mechanisms for Sensing Equlibirum  Mechanisms for Hearing  Olfaction  Sense of Taste  Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses

2. Anatomy of the Ear Translation of click sounds via the stapes bone to the basilar membrane of the cochlea stapes

3. Mechanisms of Hearing Translation of click sounds via the stapes bone to the basilar membrane of the cochlea stapes Cochlear duct, unwound

4. Hearing: The Organ of Corti Hair cell being experimentally stimulated by sound recording Hair cell depolarizing in response to bending "hairs" Shape change of hair cells as tectorial membrane bends the hairs

5. Frequency and Membrane Displacement in the Cochlea Sound waves in the cochlea online Ear function online

6. Organs of Equilibrium  Receptor cells are in two structures 1.Maculae of the vestibule (static equilibrium) 2.Ampulae of the semicircular canals (dynamic equilibrium)

7. Static Equilibrium Sensed by Hair Cells in Maculae of the Vestibule

8. Dynamic Equilibrium (Movement) Sensed by Hair Cells in Semicrcular Canal Ampulae Hair cells are bent when body spins (in rotational acceleration)

9. Olfaction Achieved by Chemoreceptors in Olfactory Hair Microvilli Olfactory nerve (Cranial nerve I)

10. Taste Sensed by Gustatory Cell Microvilli Receptors Impulses travel on Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus nerves

11. Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses  Formed early in embryonic development  Defects of Vision Strabismus Ophthalmia neonatorum Presbyopia  All special senses are functional at birth