1. Writing

2. GENERAL WRITING Writing is language in a textual medium Writing is language in a textual medium It is used to preserve thoughts with symbols It is used to preserve thoughts with symbols There are three major stages to writing There are three major stages to writing Prewriting : Analyze, Anticipate, Adapt Prewriting : Analyze, Anticipate, Adapt Writing : Research, Organize, Compose Writing : Research, Organize, Compose Revision: Revise, Proofread, Evaluate Revision: Revise, Proofread, Evaluate

3. ANALYSE Identify the purpose of your message Identify the purpose of your message Your primary purpose is to notify and influence the reader. Your primary purpose is to notify and influence the reader. Your secondary purpose is to express good intention. Your secondary purpose is to express good intention. Select the most appropriate communication channel Select the most appropriate communication channel Two major channels: Written and Oral Two major channels: Written and Oral Decide which channel is more efficient Decide which channel is more efficient

4. ANTICIPATE Know the message you are delivering to the audience Know the message you are delivering to the audience There are two ways to achieve communication goals: There are two ways to achieve communication goals: 1) Characterizing the audience. 1) Characterizing the audience. Who is your audience? What are they like? Who is your audience? What are they like? 2) Responding to characteristics Put yourself ‘in there shoes’ and act accordingly Put yourself ‘in there shoes’ and act accordingly

5. ADAPT Find a way to convey your message Find a way to convey your message Choose the right tone and vocabulary Choose the right tone and vocabulary Spotlighting reader benefits: cultivating “you” view Spotlighting reader benefits: cultivating “you” view Use courteous, sensitive and bias-free language Use courteous, sensitive and bias-free language Try to express yourself positively Try to express yourself positively Use familiar words, strong verbs, concrete nouns Use familiar words, strong verbs, concrete nouns

6. RESEARCH Form a message from collected information Form a message from collected information Always use variety of sources Always use variety of sources Use Formal research methods for complex problems Use Formal research methods for complex problems Electronic access, books, journals, libraries. Electronic access, books, journals, libraries. Use Informal research methods for everyday problems Use Informal research methods for everyday problems E-mail messages, memos, letters, oral presentation E-mail messages, memos, letters, oral presentation Complex projects may require both Complex projects may require both

7. ORGANIZE Two major ways to organize ideas Two major ways to organize ideas Write a quick list of your topic Write a quick list of your topic Organize ideas use a hierarchy Organize ideas use a hierarchy Two different patterns to gather ideas Two different patterns to gather ideas Direct method : Begins with main points and followed by explanation Direct method : Begins with main points and followed by explanation Indirect method: the opposite to the direct method Indirect method: the opposite to the direct method

8. COMPOSE The most common way is to: The most common way is to: Begin with the topic, reasons and then conclusion. Begin with the topic, reasons and then conclusion. This helps readers understand the article better This helps readers understand the article better Another way to compose an essay is to: Another way to compose an essay is to: Put topic sentence at the end Put topic sentence at the end

9. REVISE Take a break before revising, it will help. Take a break before revising, it will help. Revise wisely by going through your work carefully. Revise wisely by going through your work carefully. Add and take out information where it is appropriate. Add and take out information where it is appropriate. Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of your argument. Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of your argument. Make it concise, clear, interesting and convincing. Make it concise, clear, interesting and convincing. Do not leave it up to the reader to decide upon the subject matter. Do not leave it up to the reader to decide upon the subject matter. Be critical about your draft. Be critical about your draft.

10. PROOFREAD Proofread your draft only when you think you are complete. Proofread your draft only when you think you are complete. Be sure of the composition and revision phases, you do not want to waste time. Be sure of the composition and revision phases, you do not want to waste time. Check spelling, grammar, punctuation and format. Check spelling, grammar, punctuation and format. Make sure your argument is persuasive and logical. Make sure your argument is persuasive and logical.

11. EVALUATE Ask questions to find the weaknesses. Ask questions to find the weaknesses. Get others to evaluate your work. Second opinion always improves your writing. Get others to evaluate your work. Second opinion always improves your writing. Accept & turn negative evaluations into strengths. Accept & turn negative evaluations into strengths. Criticisms are for your own benefit. Be confident! Criticisms are for your own benefit. Be confident!

12. REFERENCE Put all resources into the reference section. Protect intellectual property, be sure not to plagiarize. There are serious consequences that may result from not citing your sources. Be careful! Two most common ways: MLA, APA Authors name, work title, publish date and publisher

13. Thank you for listening BOWMAN, Christopher BOWMAN, Christopher YUAN, Yi YUAN, Yi CHENG, William CHENG, William HU, Lei HU, Lei LAZKANI, Yara LAZKANI, Yara GOODLUCK!!! Authors: