1. The appliance of science – a policy perspective Moscow 19 March 2015 David Warrilow Head of Science DECC

2. Questions, science and policy “ The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.” Albert Einstein “There does not exist a category of science to which one can give the name applied science. There are science and the applications of science, bound together as the fruit of the tree which bears it.” Louis Pasteur

3. Is the climate changing? Is climate change happening? Are humans responsible? How will it change in the future? How will that affect us? IPCC WG1 5 th Assessment Report 2013

4. Does climate change cause extremes? Is the extreme event we experience due to climate change? Will extremes be worse in the future?

5. Dangerous Climate Change 3 broad policy relevant questions underpin the AVOID Programme: –What are the characteristics of ‘dangerous’ climate change? –What greenhouse gas emissions pathways will avoid ‘dangerous’ climate change? –What is the feasibility of such pathways?

6. Carbon limits – how? 6Climate Change and Energy

7. Possible shared questions What are the downstream impact of such changes. GHG emissions, ecosystems, socio-economic changes? What are the adaptation options? What are the local benefits of global mitigation measures? Regional examples: What will the impact of Arctic ices loss be on the global circulation, sea currents, weather in mid and high latitudes? When will the Arctic become navigable for enough time for commercial routes to develop. What impact will that have? What are the risks of massive methane releases from permafrost and hydrates?

8. To future collaboration The hardest problems of pure and applied science can only be solved by the open collaboration of the world-wide scientific community. Kenneth G. Wilson