1. Managing Peace and Security: Deterrence and Diplomacy April 3, 2013 2013 – 1 st semester Young Leaders & International Organizations Organized by Saori Kakihara

2. What is conflict? How do we ensure security? What are some causes of international conflict?

3. Conflict Conflict is natural in human societies. People have conflicts all the time. Countries are like people too.

4. Conflict Why do conflicts occur among countries? - all countries want to protect their national interests. - conflicts occur when countries do not agree with one another on various issues which might threaten their national interests.

5. Territory Conflict over land / border – India VS. China – Pedra Branca (SIN)/ Pulau Batu Puteh (MAL) – Dokdo

6. Sino-Indian War:1962

7. Resources - Ex. Conflict over fishing grounds between Iceland and Britain Iceland Britain

8. Korean Conflict

11. How do countries manage conflicts? 1. Criticize each other openly 2. Reduce trade with the conflicting country 3. Resolve conflict through peaceful negotiations 4. Seek help from regional and international organizations 5. Start a war 6. Display strength of military force to warn other countries 7. Cut diplomatic ties with each other 8. Protest to the other country through their representatives

12. How does each country manages conflict and ensure national security? It adopts a two-pronged approach Deterrence Diplomacy

13. Deterrence Deter: to discourage or restrain from acting or proceeding: The large dog deterred trespassers. Deterrence: the act of deterring Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 04, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/deterhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/deter

14. Deterrence Refers to measures taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats These threats may be from other countries or non-state aggressors like transnational terrorists

15. How is deterrence practiced? Military Service

16. How is deterrence practiced? Armed Forces

18. How is deterrence practiced? Total Defence

19. How is deterrence practiced? Military co-operation with other countries - bilateral military agreements and excercises - Multi-lateral military agreements and excercises

20. Diplomacy Diplomacy: The art or practice of conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances, treaties, and agreements. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 04, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/diplomacy http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/diplomacy

21. Diplomacy Bilateral relations Regional relations International relations How does each country ensure its national security using the two approaches of deterrence and diplomacy?

22. Questions: Is security more important than freedom? Are we living in the best time of human history or the worst time in terms of world peace?