1. Group no: 5 Muhammad Hussain Hafiz Maqsood Alam Sara Mehboob

2. What is Polio? polio= gray matter Myelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord. Viral infectious disease. Attacks the nerve cells of the brain & spinal cord. Contagious. Also called “Infantile paralysis”. Paralyzes limbs. Death. Virus enters from nose or mouth and travels to the intestines and incubate there.

4. When was it reported? Poliomyelitis was recorded in the late 1700’s with the first epidemic in the late 1800’s.

5. Epidemic of 1916 1916 killed 6,000 people and left 27,000 more paralyzed. In US.

6. Epidemic of 1952 60,000 cases were reported in US alone. Caused 3000 deaths. Mostly children. No vaccine no treatment was available.

7. First Vaccine In 1952 Jonas Salk was the first to develop Polio Vaccine. Major test was done that involved 1.8 million children in 44 states. Results were announced on 12 th April 1955. Vaccine was public available in 1955. Cases of polio dropped from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957 and by 1961 only 161 cases were reported.

8. Polio vaccines today Two types of polio vaccines are available today First was developed by Jonas Salk in 1952. 1. Inactivated Polio virus (IPV). 2. Injection form. Second was developed by Albert Sabin licensed in 1962. 1. Attenuated virus. 2. Oral drop form.

9. IPV Jonas Salk developed it through the use of HeLa cell lines. It is based on 3 wild type viruses Type 1 poliovirus (Mahoney) Type 2 poliovirus (MEF-1) Type 3 poliovirus (Sakuett) Inactivated with Formalin. The injected vaccine confers IgG-mediated immunity in the bloodstream. In 2002 a vaccine having 5 components was introduced. Pediarix ( diphtheria, tetanus, DTaP and hepatitis B ).

10. Drawbacks of IPV The original vaccine actually induced 206 cases and 10 deaths. Unable to produce much immunity in the intestine. Allergy to any component of IPV, including the antibiotics neomycin, streptomycin or polymyxin B, should not get polio vaccine. Sore spot where the shot was given.

11. Vaccine administration Babies are given 4 doses through out their infancy. A dose at 2 months A dose at 4 months A dose at 6-18 months A booster dose at 4-6 years Some "combination" vaccines contain IPV. Children getting these vaccines may get one more (5th) dose of polio vaccine. This is not a problem.

12. Vaccine administration Adolescents and adults should get vaccinated as well. 1. Who have never been vaccinated against polio should get 3 doses of IPV: Two doses separated by 1 to 2 months, and A third dose 6 to 12 months after the second. 2. Who have had 1 or 2 doses of polio vaccine in the past should get the remaining 1 or 2 doses. It doesn't matter how long it has been since the earlier dose(s). 3. Who have had 3 or more doses of polio vaccine in the past may get a booster dose of IPV. You should get it if you travel outside places where polio is still an epidemic.

13. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) Albert Sabin produced this vaccine by weakening the virus. There are 57 nucleotide substitutions in attenuated Sabin 1 strain. Mutation in internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The attenuated virus replicates efficiently in intestine but cant replicate efficiently with nervous system tissues. Three type of vaccines were made Type 1 and 2 Monovalent oral polio vaccine (MOPV) Type 3 MOPV Trivalent OPV (TOVP)

14. Oral polio vaccine (OPV) It is usually provided in vials containing 10-20 doses of vaccine. Single dose (2 drops) contain 1,000,000 infectious units of Sabin 1. 100,000 units of Sabin 2 strains 600,000 units of Sabin 3 strains. Small traces of neomycin and streptomycin. Produces excellent immunity in intestines. Immunity initiated with OPV is probably lifelong.

15. Drawbacks of OPV Live virus shed through stool and can get spread In the community. cannot be used for patients with compromised immune systems. Another disadvantage of the Sabin oral vaccine is that those who have an enterovirus infection of the gastrointestinal tract when taking the oral vaccine may not develop the immune response.

16. Vaccine administration The Sabin oral vaccine is given in 3 doses in the first two years of life A booster is given when the child starts school. Further boosters are not given unless the patient is exposed to polio. Traveling to an endemic region.

17. The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382

18. To Eradicate Polio Aim is to eradicate polio. United Nations have take the initiative to eradicate polio. Polio vaccines are distributed worldwide free of cost. There is an association made in every country for the awareness and administration of polio vaccine.