1. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
The cardiovascular system ensures that adequate blood supply to working muscles, the brain and the heart is maintained.
Also, heat and waste products generated by the muscles are dissipated and removed.
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2. Aerobic Training Effect on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
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3. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.
Cardiac Output
Increase in heart size is one of the benefits that may arise as a result of endurance training.
1. Larger atria and ventricles allow for a greater volume of blood to be pumped each time the heart beats.
2. Increased thickness of the walls of the heart (cardiac muscle) allows for increased contractility (rate of contraction)
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4. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.
Capillary Supply
Increased capillarization is another benefit that may arise as a result of endurance training.
Increased capillarization allows for:
1. a greater surface area and reduced distance between the blood and the surrounding tissues
2. increasing diffusion capacity of oxygen and carbon dioxide
3. easing transport of nutrients to cells.
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5. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.
Capillary Supply cont
The a-vO2 difference of the body can be also improved by endurance training.
Endurance training increases circulation (blood flow) in the capillaries that are next to muscle fibers.
Capillarization also occurs in cardiac muscle, reducing the possibility of cardiac disease and heart attacks.
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6. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.
Blood Volume
Increase in total blood volume along with the number and total volume of red blood cells.
This is done through stimulation of erythropoiesis (formation of new red blood cells) in the bone marrow.
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7. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.
Ventilation
increases with exercise in order to meet the increased demand of gas exchange.
During exercise ventilation can increase from 6 L / min at rest to over 150 L/min during maximal exercise and to more than 200 L/min during maximal voluntary breathing
With exercise/endurance training, the lungs become more efficient in gas exchange.
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8. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.
Oxygen Extraction
similar to ventilation in that the increased air flow allows for more gas exchange.
Additionally, during exercise, body temperature increases. Increased body temperature promotes oxygen extraction, this is known as the Bohr effect.
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9. Exercise Effects on the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems cont.
Summary
Endurance training stimulates many positive adaptations in the cardiovascular system.
It is crucial that the health professional understand these adaptations in order to impart this knowledge to the general population allowing people to live with greater health and a better quality of life.
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10. Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology
Discussion Questions
1. Describe the path and all related steps that a molecule of oxygen would take from the air in the lungs to a muscle cell.
2. Describe the path and all related steps that a molecule of carbon dioxide could take from a muscle cell to the air in the lungs.
3. Define and provide the units for blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, ateriovenous oxygen difference.
4. List the ways in which training improves the effectiveness of the cardiovascular system.
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11. Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology
Discussion Questions cont.
Describe the two components of blood pressure. What do they measure?
6. What is hemoglobin, where is it found, what is its purpose.
7. What are erythrocytes and reticulocytes? Where are they produced?
8. What is hematocrit?
9. Describe the ways in which carbon dioxide can be transported through the blood.
10. What is VO2max? What factors influence this measure? How is it affected by training?
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