1. TEST NINE NOTES

2. World History Standard 17 The student will be able to identify the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies between World War I and World War II.

3. A. Examine the impact of the war. B. Determine the causes and results of the Russian Revolution from the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s first Five Year Plan.

4. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How was Russia affected by WWI?

5. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION World War I exposed Russia’s weaknesses. No Industrial Revolution Railroads, munitionsWorld War I exposed Russia’s weaknesses. No Industrial Revolution Railroads, munitions Turkey joined the war on Germany’s side Russia isolated. Turkey joined the war on Germany’s side Russia isolated.

6. 3 years Russian troops held off the Germany army. 2 – front war Allies loose quickly During this period over 2 million Russians were killed, 5 million were wounded or crippled, and another 2 million were captured and made POW’s.

7. By the spring of 1917, the Russians were tired of the war. They had lost all faith in their government and Czar Nicholas II. Strikes and street demonstrations broke out in Petrograd (St Petersburg’s name since 1914).

8. The czar ordered the demonstrations put down by force. When the Russian government (Duma) demanded Nicholas grant reforms he had the Duma dissolved. In the past, the czars had always been able to use the army to put down revolts, but in this case the soldiers were joining the rioters.

9. The Duma took advantage of the army’s disorganization and refused to disband. On March 15, 1917, unable to control his subjects or army any longer, Nicholas II abdicated the throne. He and his family were executed the following year and the 300 year old Romanov dynasty came to an end.

10. A provisional government was put in place in Russia to try and restore order until a more permanent one could be elected. But a rival force was working for change in Russia. People who had been exiled from Russia in 1905 were trying to gain enough power to return to Russia and take over the country.

11. They were radical socialists known as the Bolsheviks. They tried to win the peoples approval by calling for immediate peace, land reforms, and turning the factories over to the workers. There was also a group who supported the Bolsheviks that were still living in Russia.

12. They called themselves the Petrograd Soviet of Workers. Soviet is the Russian word for council. The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Llyich Ulyanov, but he changed his name to N. Lenin. He was intelligent and forceful. When his older brother had been arrested by the czar’s police and executed as a revolutionary Lenin became a revolutionary.

13. On April 6, 1917 Lenin returned to Russia from exile in Switzerland. He insisted that the government be turned over to the soviets. Lenin was a radical socialist, but he favored modified Marxism. His ideas became the basis for the Communist Party that was formed later.

14. His slogan was Land, Peace, and Bread. His ideas appealed to the people. On November 7, 1917 the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government and seized control of Russia. This is called the Bolshevik revolution or the 2nd revolution. (1st was in March).

15. Remember it was aided by the Germans. In the spring of 1918 the Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communist Party.

16. The communists adopted the color red; since red was the symbol of revolutions in Europe. So the Communists were nicknamed the “Reds”. Those who opposed the communists became known as the “Whites”.

17. A civil war broke out between the reds and the whites which lasted 3 years. This just added to the devastation of Russia following World War I. The Allies were afraid that the communists would gain control of Russia; so they aided the White army by giving them supplies and money.

18. The United States even sent small forces of soldiers to help fight in the wars. This just helped in prolonging the war. The reds eventually won.

19. As soon as the communists went into power they began making changes. The capital was moved from Petrograd to Moscow. A National Congress was established with 1,000 representatives from the Soviets. In 1922 Russia was given a new name. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

20. The name indicated that the power in Russia was now in the hands of the Soviets. The country was divided into 15 different republics, which were joined by a federal union. From 1918 – 1921 all the Russian industries were put under government control.

21. In 1921 Lenin decided to allow some free-enterprise to help Russia’s economy grow. The major industries oil, mining, steel, and the railroads remained under gov’t control, but farming was allowed to try free enterprise. Smaller business and home industries could be privately owned.

24. 5/14/13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did Joseph Stalin change Russia?

25. Lenin died in 1924 and a power struggle began for control of the USSR. main contenders - Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.

26. Trotsky almost single-handedly created the Red Army. Stalin was secretary general of the Communist Party. Trotsky wanted to follow the strict Marxist belief, that the revolution to be successful, had to take place all over the world.

27. Stalin pushed for the revolution to begin in Russia and then once established in Russia it could spread to other parts of the world. The struggle between the 2 factions became bitter. By 1928, as a result of some betrayals and assassinations, Stalin was firmly in power.

28. Trotsky went into exile, but was later murdered in Mexico. In 1928 Stalin ended all free enterprise in industry. All industries were now government controlled. He came up with a master plan called the 5-year plan for economic growth.

29. It set industrial, agricultural and social goals for the next 5 years. There were also plans for expanding the educational system and building more hospitals and housing. Heavy industry was pushed at the expense of consumer goods.

30. All farms were joined into collectives or co-ops, and peasants had to join or suffer consequences. The 1st 5- year plan was basically successful. 70% of all farmland was put into collectives and crops increased. Russia’s heavy industry expanded. A 2nd 5-year plan began in 1933.

31. It had basically the same goals as the 1st, but to reward the people some consumer goods were produced also. Stalin ruled Russia by making sure the people feared him.

32. People were forced to conform to his ideas. Religion was ridiculed, schools taught atheism. Artists, writers, and musicians were told what they could produce and it had to praise the communist idea.

33. WORLD WAR II In the late 1920’s Japan’s military became powerful. In 1930 their prime minister was shot and soon after the military was ruling the country. In September of 1931 there was a mysterious explosion near Mukden, Manchuria of China.

34. A Japanese railroad was damaged and the Japanese invaded Mukden. China protested, but Japan continued its occupation. By 1939 Japan occupied about a fourth of China, including most of its seaports. The two nations were at war and it was a strain on both countries.

35. Meanwhile Italy was ruled by Mussolini and he wanted to solve Italy’s economic problems by expanding overseas. In December of 1934 Italy invaded Ethiopia. By the spring of 1936 Italy had total control of Ethiopia.

36. The 1930’s was also when the Nazi Party (led by Adolf Hitler) took control of Germany. In 1938 Germany occupied Austria. The addition of Austria increased Germany’s population, territory and resources.

37. Next on the list was Czechoslovakia. The western region of Czechoslovakia was an area full of Germans. 3 million This area was awarded to Czechoslovakia after WWI. On September 22, 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland be returned to Germany.

38. Great Britain and France were not eager to enter another World War; so they overlooked Hitler’s attacks on other countries. By March of 1939 Germany occupied Czechoslovakia.

39. His next move was toward Lithuania. Germany had lost the port of Memel after World War I and Hitler wanted it back. Memel was still largely a German city. In March, 1939 Lithuania gave Memel to Germany.

40. Also in the spring of 1939 Italy invaded Albania. In September of 1939 Europe realized that if Hitler was left alone he would try to conquer the entire continent. Great Britain and France decided to declare war on Germany. Within 48 hours Hitler attacked Poland and WWII began.

42. 5/15/13

43. The Germans used a new type of warfare they called blitzkrieg. It meant lightning war. Dive bombers bombed an area; then tanks called Panzers advanced quickly. The Germans used this method on Poland and Poland was captured on September 27, 1939.

44. Earlier Stalin and Hitler had made a pact. And when Germany captured Poland Russia moved into eastern Poland and Poland basically disappeared from the map. It was occupied by both countries and Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia were given to Russia.

45. On November 30, 1939 Russia attacked Finland and in March of 1940 it fell to Russia. On April 9, 1940 Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. The German army moved so fast that both were under German control by the end of April.

47. By controlling Denmark and Norway, Germany had an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean. The long Scandinavian coastline gave Germany excellent bases for its submarines. There also good sites for air fields and it allowed them control over shipping going to and from France and Great Britain.

48. Great Britain’s prime minister was Neville Chamberlain and he had continued pushing for Great Britain to stay out of the war. Now Great Britain was in danger of being attacked by Germany and the British people wanted a change. In May of 1940 he was forced to resign and the new prime minister was Winston Churchill.

49. Churchill had been warning the British Parliament that it should stop the Nazi advances as far back as 1930. Hitler decided to attack harder. He wanted to occupy as much territory as possible before his opponents could organize an offensive against him.

50. On May 10, 1940 Germany invaded the Low countries ( the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg). Luxembourg fell in just one day, the Netherlands in 5 and Belgium held out till the end of May. Hitler was now ready to attack France.

51. Twice in less than 50 years, France had been attacked by Germany. To prevent this from ever happening again, the French army had been rebuilt and a series of steel and concrete walls had been built along the border with Luxemboug and Belgium.

52. The walls were 200 miles long and were called the Maginot Line (named after the guy who came up with the idea). When Hitler captured the Low Countries he had a way around the Maginot Line. The German tanks (panzers) continued westward toward the English Channel.

53. French, Belgian and British troops tried to stop the advance, but had to retreat. The British used every ship available (including fishing vessels) to evacuate 340,000 soldiers back across the English Channel. The evacuation left the French alone to fight the Germans on mainland Europe.

54. Germany began its attacks on France in June of 1940. German troop literally moved at will through France. Civilians were gun down and villages were bombed.

55. Mussolini saw France’s weakness and quickly declared war on France and Great Britain on June 10, and Italian forces invaded southern France. On June 14, German forces entered Paris, and the French Cabinet all resigned.

56. After the fall of France many French generals predicted that Great Britain would “have her neck wrung like a chickens in 3 weeks”. Hitler had already started bombing British cities and the attacks just got more intense.

57. From August – November 1940 the air raids were constant. This is known as the battle for Britain. British cities were literally burned to the ground by the fire bombs. Germany hoped to lower the British moral so far that they would welcome a ground attack just so the bombings would end.

58. But the British air force began fighting back. British planes had radar (Germans did not) and so even though they had fewer planes, they could see the Germans coming and attack coming from the sun and Germans would not ever see them coming.

59. Create an A-Z project from the time periods of 1914 – 1969. You must give me something that starts with each letter of the alphabet and then tell me something about the item, event, person or place.

61. Create an A-Z project from the time periods of 2,000 BC – 100 BC. You must give me something that starts with each letter of the alphabet and then tell me something about the item, event, person or place.

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64. The British were able to shoot down a great number of the German bombers. The bombings stopped, but the German blockade of British ports still threatened to starve the British out.

65. The United States still wanted to remain neutral. Early in 1941 Churchill asked the US to at least send supplies and Congress agreed. They gave the President (Franklin D. Roosevelt) the power to send supplies to England on credit.

66. By the Fall of 1940 Germany controlled most of western Europe. Next they began moving eastward into the Balkans. The Russians considered the Balkans their territory. Hitler and Stalin met in Berlin to discuss this matter.

67. Stalin wanted the Germans to leave the Balkans to Russia, but Hitler told him Europe was Germany’s. The Soviet Union could expand into Asia if it wanted to expand. Stalin found this unacceptable and on June 22, 1941 Germany invaded Russia.

68. Meanwhile Japan was expanding in the Pacific. Japan had formed an alliance with Germany and Italy back in 1940 and meant to expand throughout the pacific. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked the American naval base on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 2,300 Americans died.

69. They also bombed the Philippines on that same day and soon captured the Philippines, and American bases in Guam and Wake islands. FDR asked congress to declare war, and on December 8, 1941 Congress declared war on Japan.

70. Three days later Germany and Italy declared war on the US and so Congress declared war on both of them also.

71. Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria)

72. Allies (U.S., Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia).

73. By January, 1942; 26 nations had united to defeat the Axis powers.

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76. The United States fought a two front war. We fought Germany (and its Allies) in Europe and Africa and we fought the Japanese in Asia and the Pacific. Italy was the first to be defeated. In September, 1943 the Italians surrendered.

77. In October of 1944, the Philippines was freed from Japanese control. On June 6, 1943 the Allies crossed the English Channel and landed in Normandy France. D-Day.

78. After heavy fighting the Allies broke through the German lines and on August 25, 1944 they reached Paris. In June, 1944 the Russians began a major push against Germany. By the end of 1944 the Red Army had taken back the Balkans.

79. The British helped push the Germans back across Greece. On April 30, 1945 the Russians and American met in Berlin, Germany. Hitler committed suicide and Berlin was captured. May 8, 1945 was VE-Day the day of victory in Europe.

80. Then on August 6, 1945 a single American bomber dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. It killed around 80,000 people.

81. Two days later the Russian army swept into Manchuria to attack the Japanese bases there. On August 9, 1945 a 2nd plane dropped an even more powerful bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki.

82. On August 14, 1945 the Japanese surrendered. September 2, 1945 is known as V-J Day. Victory over Japan.

83. World War II was different from other wars: 1. Total War: Fought by armies, navies, air forces and people at home. – –Food rationing – –Consumer goods rationing – –Coast Guard – –War bonds sales – –Social position of Women – –Movies

84. 2. Global War: Fought over most of the world 3. Made use of scientific discoveries: a. Weapons: Rockets/Radar/Guided missiles/Magnetic mines/Atomic bomb b. Medical: Blood plasma/Penicillin/Sulfa

85. Important Results of WWII: 1. Soviet Union became one of the most powerful nations in the world 2. Great Britain and France were weakened-lost colonies in Africa and Asia 3. US leaders realized US cannot stay out of world affairs 4. UN established

86. 5. Germany, Italy and Japan stripped of land seized 6. Germany occupied by Great Britain, US and Soviet Union 7. Soviet Union dominated Eastern Europe-Communism spread

87. 8. Japan occupied until 1952 9. Beginning of nuclear age 10. Beginning of Cold War