2. Caráter x Estado de caráter  Caráter : cor dos olhos  Estados de caráter: olhos azuis, olhos pretos, olhos verdes, olhos castanhos, etc.

3. Liguus fascitus VARIAÇÃO (POLIMORFISMO)

4. Métodos de identificação 1) Chaves Taxonômicas Chave Dicotômicas Compara duas afirmativas contrastantes: copla = par de proposições contraditórias Policlaves Lista presença / ausência de todos os caracteres

5. Chave Dicotômica 1. Fertile stamens 3 or 1 (Subfamily Haemodoroideae) 2. Ovary superior 3. Fertile stamen 1........................................................................Pyrrorhiza 3' Fertile stamens 3 4. Corolla actinomorphic 5. Inflorescence a simple raceme; functional carpel 1; ovule 1; style subterminal....Barberetta 5’ Inflorescence an elongate thyrse with lateral monochasial cymes; functional carpels 3; ovules 20-30 per carpel; style terminal...........................................Xiphidium 4' Corolla zygomorphic 6. Stamens unequal, the 2 latero-posterior anthers reduced; ovules 3-4 per carpel......Schiekia 6' Stamens equal; ovule 1 per carpel...............................................Wachendorfia 2' Ovary inferior 7. Ovule 1 per carpel........................................................................Dilatris 7' Ovules 2 or more per carpel 8. Ovules 2 per carpel; perianth glabrous...............................................Haemodorum 8' Ovules 5-7 per carpel; perianth abaxially tomentose.................................Lachnanthes 1' Fertile stamens 6 (Subfamily Conostylidoideae) 9. Flowers actinomorphic; perianth not splitting along mid-anterior line 10. Perianth glabrous to glabrate.........................................................Phlebocarya 10' Perianth lanate to tomentose 11. Perianth lanate; trichomes simple to sparsely branched, white-whitish; anthers with broad, apical connective appendage......................................................Tribonanthes 11' Perianth tomentose, trichomes dendritic, yellow, whitish, reddish, pink, orange, or purplish; anthers without broad, apical connective appendage 12. Flowers pendulous; perianth reddish to pink-orange................................Blancoa 12' Flowers generally ascending; perianth usually yellow or whitish, rarely orange to purplish....................................................................Conostylis 9' Flowers zygomorphic; perianth tube splitting along mid-anterior line 13. Ovule 1 per carpel; perianth trichomes black...........................................Macropidia 13' Ovules >1 per carpel; perianth trichomes red, yellow, orange or green................Anigozanthos

7. Policlave 1 Woody plants (excl. suffrutices) 2 Herbaceous plants (incl. suffrutices) 3 Aquatic plants, leaves floating or submerged 4 Chlorophyll absent (parasites or saprophytes) 5 Bulb present (monocots only) 6 Milky juice present 7 Spiny stems or leaves 8 Tendrils present 9 Cladodes or phyllodes (modified branches or petioles) 10 Hairs glandular 11 Hairs stellate (also 2-armed, branched and tufted) 12 Hairs stellate (not 2-armed, branched and tufted) 13 Hairs 2-armed or t-shaped, non-glandular 14 Hairs branched 15 Hairs tufted, non-glandular 16 Hairs peltate or scale-like 17 Hairs vesicular or bladder-like 18 Hairs stinging 19 Cystoliths present (dicots only) 20 Leaves opposite or verticillate 21 Leaves alternate (excl. distichous monocots) 22 Leaves distichous (monocots only) 23 Leaves equitant (e.g. Iris) 24 Leaves not compound 25 Leaves compound 26 Leaves pinnately compound (4 or more leaflets) 27 Leaves ternately compound (3 leaflets) 28 Leaves palmately compound (4 or more leaflets) 29 Venation pinnate or hardly visible in leaves or leaflets (incl. no. 30) 30 Venation invisible or leaves 1-nerved (monocots only) 31 Venation longitudinal in leaves or leaflets (incl. 3-nerved leaves) 32 Venation palmate in leaves or leaflets 33 Leaves or leaflets with entire margin (without any lobes or teeth) 34 Leaves or leaflets lobed or divided 35 Leaves or leaflets dentate, serrate, crenate, etc. 36 Epidermis of leaf papillose (dicots only) 37 Leaves with pellucid or glandular dots or lines 38 Leaves with a ligule 39 Stipules absent 40 Stipules present (only the scars may be left) 41 Flowers solitary 42 Inflorescence a raceme, simple and monopodial 43 Inflorescence a spike, simple and monopodial 44 Inflorescence a corymb, simple and monopodial 45 Inflorescence an umbel, simple and monopodial 46 Inflorescence a fascicle, simple and monopodial 47 Inflorescence a head, simple and monopodial 48 Inflorescence simple and sympodial (cyme, dichasium etc.) 49 Inflorescence compound, sympodial or monopodial (panicle, thyrsus etc.) 50 Flowers bisexual 51 Flowers unisexual 52 Flowers actinomorphic 53 Flowers zygomorphic or irregular 54 Receptacle small (ovary superior) 55 Receptacle enlarged, united with the ovary, totally or partially covering it 56 Receptacle enlarged, totally or partially free from the ovary (super. to inf.) 57 Receptacle enlarged, conical or hemispherical (ovaries superior) 58 Disc present (annular or separate glands) 59 Disc absent 60 Perianth segments 0 61 Perianth segments 1 62 Perianth segments 2 63 Perianth segments 3 64 Perianth segments 4 65 Perianth segments 5 66 Perianth segments 6 67 Perianth segments more than 6 68 Perianth of similar segments 69 Perianth of calyx and corolla 70 Sepals 0 (incl. a cupular calyx without lobes) 71 Sepals 1 72 Sepals 2