1. Plant Structure, Macro

2. Reproductive shoot (flower)
Figure 35.2
Reproductive shoot (flower)
Apical bud
Node
Internode
Vegetative shoot
Leaf
Blade
Petiole
Stem
Taproot
Lateral (branch) roots
Shoot system
Root system
Axillary bud

3. ROOTS

4. STEMS Rhizomes Rhizome Root Bulbs Storage leaves Stem Stolons Stolon
Tubers

5. LEAVES

6. Leaf Arrangement Simple leaf Axillary bud Petiole Compound leaf
Leaflet
Doubly compound leaf

7. Leaf Venation

8. LEAF SHAPE
This is a sampling of the possibilities.

9. Leaf Margins

10. Figure 38.UN02

11. Stamen
Stigma
Carpel
Anther
Style
Filament
Ovary
Sepal
Petal
Receptacle
An idealized flower

12. Kinds of flowers Perfect flowers Imperfect flowers Monoecious flowers
Dioecious Flowers
Anything is possible……! Plasticity.

13. Flowers look like…..?

14. Flower Arrangement

15. Saucer Magnolia solitary flowers
Some species of plants produce solitary flowers.
Solitary flowers are borne singly and separate from one another.
Saucer Magnolia solitary flowers

16. Many solitary flowers on Blood red Geranium (Geranium sanguineum)
Another example of a plant that bears solitary flowers is Blood red Geranium.
Many solitary flowers on Blood red Geranium (Geranium sanguineum)

17. What is an inflorescence?
In other species of plants many, small flowers are borne together in dense clusters called inflorescences.
There are many types of inflorescences. Each type of inflorescence is determined by how the flowers are arranged.
Inflorescences are a useful plant ID tool.

18. Common Inflorescences
Spike
Raceme
Panicle
Umbel
Corymb
Cyme
Composite Head

19. Spike Individual flowers are sessile (without pedicels).
Lower flowers open first.
Indeterminate.
spike

20. Spike
Gladiolus ‘Lavadandy’ flower spike (image courtesy of Columbia View Gladiolus)
Gladiolus

21. Raceme Individual flowers have pedicels.
Pedicels can vary in length from species to species.
Lower flowers open first.
Indeterminate.
peduncle
pedicel
raceme

22. Raceme
Itea virginica, Virginia Sweetspire produces dense, pubescent racemes.
The flowers have short pedicels and the inflorescence resembles a spike.
Virginia Sweetspire

23. Raceme
Dicentra spectabilis, Bleeding Heart, produces a one-sided raceme of pink, heart-shaped flowers.
Bleeding Heart

24. Panicle
A highly branched inflorescence consisting of many, repeating units.
Panicles can be made of many spikes, racemes, corymbs, or umbels.
Indeterminate.
A panicle of racemes

25. Panicle Syringa vulgaris, Common Lilac, produces panicles.

26. Panicle Aesculus glabra, Ohio Buckeye, produces 4-7” long panicles.
This tree is located near the Kirkwood library.
Ohio Buckeye

27. Umbel
Individual flower pedicels all originate from the same spot on the peduncle.
Outer flowers open first.
Indeterminate.
pedicel
peduncle

28. Umbel Allium ‘Jade Eyes’, image courtesy of Breck’s.
Often, umbels are globe-shaped like this one.
Allium

29. Corymb Somewhat similar to the umbel.
Individual flower pedicels are attached to the peduncle at different points.
Often flat-topped.
Outer flowers open first.
Indeterminate.
peduncle
pedicel
corymb

30. Corymb
Pyrus calleryana, Callery Pear, is a beautiful, spring-flowering tree covered with corymbs of white flowers.
Callery Pear

31. Cyme In real life, cymes tend to be flat or convex shaped.
The inner flowers open first.
Determinate.
cyme

32. Cyme
Cymes are often compound as shown in the illustration to the right.
compound cyme

33. Cyme
Viburnum x juddi, Judd Viburnum, produces cymes of light pink flowers in late April. The flowers have a pleasing, spicy fragrance
Judd Viburnum

34. Cyme
Viburnum dentatum, Arrowwood Viburnum, produces cymes of white flowers that are not fragrant.
Arrowwood Viburnum

35. Corymbs vs. Cymes
Often these two types of inflorescences can look a lot alike.
Remember that corymbs are indeterminate, they continue to elongate as the season progresses. Cymes are determinate and do not continue to elongate as the growing season progresses. Also, the inner flowers of cymes open first.

36. Composite Head A highly advanced inflorescence.
disk flower
A highly advanced inflorescence.
Consists of separate ray and disk flowers
Bracts may be green, but can also be colored(Strawflower).
ray flower
bract

37. Composite Head
Helianthus annus, Sunflower, produces a large composite head.
After pollination and fertilization, each disk flower becomes a single-seeded fruit.
Sunflower

38. Composite Head
Echinaceae purpurea, Purple Coneflower (image courtesy of Wildflower Farm).
Composite head with purple ray flowers and brown disk flowers.
Purple Coneflower

39. Floral Diagram Pi : pistil : 雌蕊 St : stamen : 雄蕊 Pe : petal : 花瓣
O : ovary :子房
Se : sepal : 萼片
Bra : bract : 苞叶
R : floral receptacle : 花托
A : axis
Up : petal connate to petal :
Sp : sepal adnate to stamen :

40. Pineapple inflorescence
What do you eat?
Stigma
Style
Carpels
Stamen
Flower
Petal
Ovary
Stamen
Stamen
Sepal
Stigma
Ovary (in receptacle)
Ovule
Ovule
Pea flower
Raspberry flower
Pineapple inflorescence
Apple flower
Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower
Remains of stamens and styles
Carpel (fruitlet)
Stigma
Sepals
Seed
Ovary
Stamen
Seed
Receptacle
Pea fruit
Raspberry fruit
Pineapple fruit
Apple fruit
(a) Simple fruit
(b) Aggregate fruit
(c) Multiple fruit
(d) Accessory fruit