1. IALA- Global Sharing of Maritime Data St Germain, Paris, September 2011 Legal Aspects of Remote Sensing and Data Sharing Prof. Dr. Lesley Jane Smith, LL.M. Leuphana University Lüneburg Solicitor, Weber-Steinhaus & Smith

2. 2  Legal Parameters for Remote Sensing  International, national  Whose data? What protection? By what right?  Stakeholders  Public  Commercial  Civilian/ Military  Security backdrop, see Space Situational Awareness SSA  Solutions  SLAs  Conditions Overview

3. 3  International law  UN Remote Sensing Principles 1986  Peaceful use; outer space as ‘common heritage/ ‘global commons’  Sensing states to make data available to sensed states  National law  Space activities include RS  Many national statutes include RS as space activity (e.g. UK)  Notification requirement –not full licensing  Further distribution not regulated  France, Germany, Canada  State right of foreclosure (security interests of state; Art 23-25 LOS)  Shutter control (e.g. Canada, not yet used) International and National Law

4. 4  Non-tangible, non-visible, until processed  Data categories under UN Principles: primary; processed; analysed data  No uniform terminology in national statutes  Canada – raw data/ RS ‘product’  Germany § 2 SatDSig – signals +products regardless of processing degree  Differing terminology, philosophy + ownership culture vis a vis ‘data’  Europe: proprietary  USA: open access to public funded data  Downside: lack of uniformity in terminology as between states and UN RS Principles Status of Data

5. 5  Status and protection of satellite radio signals + data as ‘property’  Relevant for commercial and PPP market  Rights of access and distribution in policies  Conditions of access vary (funding, R&D, security etc)  Access to high-resolution data limited (Infoterra, Spotimage etc)  Raw data traditionally subject to some form of sovereign rights  For value-added processing; database and/or software copyright  Data overlay for tools such as vessel tracking Status of Data (2)

6. 6  Data exchange between international satellite and other organisations  To be regulated by data policy  Conditions depend on agencies/customers involved  Generally, retention of IP by agency; access + licensing conditions  GMES – policy in preparation, free and open  Access by national public authorities  Monitoring/ safety, restricted access, primarily civilian;  Encryption, assurances  Pragmatic approach: commercial providers serve military needs (UK)  Security issues  See e.g. Canada, mandatory conditions on licensee/  Control of raw data + products; disposal plan; system participants Stakeholder and Data Exchange Dialogue

7. 7  Sensitivities expressed in data policies  Whose remit / whose certification /licensing and re-use?  Data availability excludes re-use: e.g. Infoterra  Data validation, integrity and certification (authenticity)  e.g. Galileo SoL services  Space agency remit? PPP?  National law (Art VI OST) for licensing commercial sector  Further issues of data exchange  Classic ‚data protection‘ inapplicable to commercial sector  Response to vessel insurers demands  Data ‚misuse‘ illegal Reflections on Securing Secure Data Exchange

8. 8  Consolidating ‘non-military’ security purposes  EU Space Situational Awareness SSA  Under development as 3rd. pillar to ESP  EO (GMES, funding to 2013); navigation (Galileo)  Service Level Agreements  Already common in IT; enables involvement of commercial sector  Tbd depending on whether own dedicated satellites available  Response to economic climate Stakeholder and Data Exchange Dialogue

9. 9  Agency driven  SAT-AIS (ESA/EMSA)  EDA/MUSIS: multinational space based imaging system (failure?)  Allows e.g. law enforcement purposes  Broadband paradox  Private (commercial) markets are increasing through space technologies +apps  PPP response to economic constraints  1st ESA PPP = Hylas broadband service Possible Solutions

10. 10  Coherency required between dedicated data policies and notably EU/ ESA projects  UN RSP as international and national regulatory models for data sharing  Data sharing is an exercise in good regulation/ ‚law making‘  Canadian statute designed as „how to license prototype‘“  Align with technology developments  Define customers/users  Security compatibility  Noticeable trend towards PPP in sat sector Conclusions

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