1. C HAPTER 10 DNA, RNA, AND P ROTEIN S YNTHESIS Section 1 Discovery of DNA

2. All living things have DNA. Your DNA holds the instructions for everything about you.

3. F REDRICK G RIFFITH Discovered transformation- the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism He was looking for a vaccine against pneumonia. Virulent- disease-causing

4. G RIFFITH ’ S E XPERIMENT R (rough) strain- no capsule (harmless) S(smooth) strain- has a capsule (causes pneumonia) The capsule was destroyed with heat.

5. O SWALD A VERY For years, people thought that genetic information was contained in cell protein. Avery set out to find out if the transforming agent in Griffith’s experiment was DNA, RNA, or protein.

6. DNA, RNA, OR P ROTEIN ?? Avery and other scientists sequentially destroyed DNA, RNA, and protein. In the RNA and protein- destroyed samples, the mice died When DNA was destroyed, the mice lived. His conclusion, DNA is the transforming agent in bacteria.

7. H ERSHEY -C HASE E XPERIMENT Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey

8. B ACTERIOPHAGE - A VIRUS THAT INFECTS BACTERIA

9. H ERSHEY -C HASE E XPERIMENT Set out to answer the question of whether DNA or protein was the hereditary material viruses transfer when they enter a bacteria cell.

10. T HEIR CONCLUSION : DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses. E. coli

11. S ECTION 2: DNA S TRUCTURE By the early 1950s biologists accepted DNA as the hereditary material, but did not understand its structure or how the molecule could replicate, store and transmit information, or direct cell function.

12. J AMES W ATSON AND F RANCIS C RICK Credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA. Perhaps even more significantly it explained how DNA could replicate.

13. Received the Noel Prize for their work.

14. R OSALIND F RANKLIN She took x-ray photographs of DNA that helped

15. DNA N UCLEOTIDES CONSIST OF 3 PARTS : 1) A five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 2) A phosphate 3) a nitrogen base (A) adenine (T) thymine (G) guanine (C) cytosine

16. A DNA MOLECULE Hydrogen bonds are located between the bases

17. T WO GROUPS OF BASES : Purines - have 2 rings Pyrimidines- have one ring

18. B ASE -P AIRING RULES : Cytosine pairs with Guanine Adenine pairs up with Thymine A plant’s DNA has nucleotides that are 20% thymine. What percentage of guanine would be present? 30%

19. C OMPLEMENTARY B ASE P AIRS One purine pairs up with one pyrimidine Just one more thing… Use the base-pairing rules to determine the base sequence that is complementary to the sequence C-G-A-T-T-C-G G-C-T-A-A-G-C