1. DNA Structure

2. Intro How do genes work? What are they made of?
How do they determine characteristics of organsims?
Intro

3. History People that helped discover DNA
Frederick Griffith
Rough Bacteria – did not cause pneumonia
Smooth Bacteria – caused pneumonia
Injected both types into mice, only smooth killed mice
He injected bacteria into mice
heat-killed bacteria passed their disease causing ability to the harmless strain of bacteria. (called transformation)
Transformation – process by which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene from another strain of bacteria (gene was passed)
History People that helped discover DNA

4. Avery – Discovered that DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation to another
History

5. DNA Genes are made of DNA
DNA – stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next
Huge molecule that is made of nucleotides
Nucleotide – monomer of a nucleic acid made of a 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA

6. Nucleotides Four different nucleotides Purines Pyrimidines
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
These molecules are different sizes
A purine pairs with a pyrimidine
A – T G - C
Nucleotides

7. Backbone(sides of the ladder) of DNA is formed by the phosphate groups and 5- Carbon sugars
Bases (A, T, G, C) stick out sideways from the chain (rungs of the ladder)
Nucleotides can be in any order or sequence
DNA Structure

8. Double Helix Discovered by Watson and Crick Rosland Franklin
Two strands wound around one another
Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands together in the middle, between the bases
Rosland Franklin
helped them discover the “twist”
Double Helix

9. in DNA can only form between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine.
A always pairs with T
G always pairs with C
Given the DNA strand GCTATCGTTA
What is the complementary DNA strand?
Base Pairing Rules