1. Non-Renewable Resources Unit 6 Petroleum/Oil Natural Gas Coal

2. How Long Will the Oil Party Last? Saudi Arabia could supply the world with oil for about 10 years.Saudi Arabia could supply the world with oil for about 10 years. The Alaska’s North Slope could meet the world oil demand for 6 months (U.S.: 3 years).The Alaska’s North Slope could meet the world oil demand for 6 months (U.S.: 3 years). Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would meet the world demand for 1-5 monthsAlaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would meet the world demand for 1-5 months (U.S.: 7-25 months). (U.S.: 7-25 months).

3. How Long Will the Oil Party Last? We have three options: –Look for more oil. –Use or waste less oil. –Use something else.

4. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES About 99% of the energy we use for heat comes from the sun and the other 1% comes mostly from burning fossil fuels.About 99% of the energy we use for heat comes from the sun and the other 1% comes mostly from burning fossil fuels. –Solar energy indirectly supports wind power, hydropower, and biomass. About 76% of the commercial energy we use comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources.About 76% of the commercial energy we use comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources.

6. OIL Eleven OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) have 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves.Eleven OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) have 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves. After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives.After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives.

7. OIL Inflation-adjusted price of oil, 1950-2006.Inflation-adjusted price of oil, 1950-2006. Figure 16-6

8. U.S. Oil Supplies The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user – has only 2.9% of the world’s proven oil reserves.The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user – has only 2.9% of the world’s proven oil reserves. U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point).U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point). About 60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone regions of the Gulf Coast.About 60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone regions of the Gulf Coast.

9. CO 2 Emissions CO 2 emissions per unit of energy produced for various energy resources.CO 2 emissions per unit of energy produced for various energy resources.

10. Fig. 16-2, p. 357 Oil and natural gas Floating oil drilling platform Oil storage Coal Contour strip mining Oil drilling platform on legs Geothermal energy Hot water storage Oil well Pipeline Geothermal power plant Gas well Valves Mined coal Pump Area strip mining Drilling tower Pipeline Impervious rock Underground coal mine Natural gas Water Oil Water is heated and brought up as dry steam or wet steam Water Coal seam Hot rock Water penetrates down through the rock Magma

11. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18 Fossil Fuels Forms of stored solar energy created from incomplete biological decomposition of dead organic matter. Crude Oil Natural Gas Coal The higher the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available. Ratios < 1 indicate a net energy loss. Net Energy= Useful energy Energy used to produce it.

12. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18 Anticline oil & gas trap Fault oil & gas trap Oil & gas fields from which we extract resources are places where natural upward migration of the oil and gas to the surface is interrupted by what is known as a “trap”. The rock that helps form the trap is called a “cap rock” Extracting oil…

13. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18 Refining crude oil:  Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column.  The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top

14. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18 Peak oil:  Maximum global oil production is expected 2020 - 2050  What are some probable consequences of ↓ oil production?

15. Exxon Valdez/BP Horizon

16. COAL Bigbee. J Luis Robles Chris Ammerman

17. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18 Coal

18. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18

19. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18 Cleaning up Coal (Reducing Sulfur emissions) Best Method  BURN LESS COAL encourage conservation; regulate/tax emissions Use low-sulfate coal (anthracite) Coal Gasification Utilize fluidized bed combustion Utilize scrubbers “Wash” the coal Uses limestone to capture sulfur released by the combustion of coal. Jets of air suspend the mixture of limestone and burning coal during combustion This lowers combustion temperature and thus reduces the amount of SO x that is released Coal is first ground into smaller pieces so that it can be more easily processed. The pulverized coal is then washed in water or in fluids with densities that cause the coal to float so that unwanted impurities can sink to the bottom Coal Washing reduces the ash content of coal by over 50%, resulting in less waste. About 25% of the sulfur content is reduced, lowering the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions released upon combustion. Coal washing also improves the heating value of coal, known as the thermal efficiency, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions as well Partially combust coal in the presence of steam and carefully controlled amount of oxygen (to prevent full combustion) This creates Syngas, a combustible liquid composed of mainly CO and H 2 Scrubbers combine the exhaust gas of coal combustion with water and limestone (CaCO 3 ) The CaCO 3 reacts with the SO 4 To create gypsum

20. How is it formed? The Plant remains are preserved in water & mud. From Oxidization & Biodegradation Different types of coal are due to elevated temperatures and pressure… Different types of coal are based on hardness… Heat and Pressure turned dead plants into coal. Water and dirt buries the dead plants.

21. Types Lignite Sub-bituminous Bituminous Anthracite 4 TYPES

22. Lignite ~ Lowest rank of Coal ~ Lowest energy content ~ Relatively young deposits ~ Not subjected to extreme heat or pressure ~ Crumbly ~ High moisture content ~ Usually burned at power plants to generate electricity

23. Sub-bituminous ~ At least 100 million years old ~ 44% of the coal produced in United States is Sub-Bituminous ~ Wyoming State is the leading source

24. bituminous ~ 3-4 times heating value than lignite ~ Formed under high heat and pressure ~ Most abundant rank of coal ~ Accounts for half of U.S. coal production ~ West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania are the largest producers of bituminous coal. ~ 45-86 Percent Carbon

25. Anthracite ~ Very Rare in United States ~ Anthracite mines in U.S. are located in Pennsylvania. ~ Highest Percentage of Carbon ~ Slightly lower heating value than Bituminous

26. How is it Extracted? ~ Surface Mining

27. How is it Extracted? ~Underground Mining

28. How is it Extracted? ~ Very Unsafe ~ Bell Pit Mining ~ Used candle and lamps for light ~ Hardly any timber used ~ Men dug with picks and shovels ~ After a while… the pit was abandoned and another pit had sunk beside it ~ Earliest Methods

29. How is it Transported? ~ Train ~ Barges~ Ship ~ Truck~ Pipeline ~ About 68% of Coal is transported by train ~ It is cheaper to transport coal on river Barges but they cannot reach everywhere

30. How is it Used? Electricity Industry Making Steel Export ~ Coal is used to generate almost half of all electricity produced in United States ~ Separated ingredients of coal such as methanol and ethylene are used to make plastic, tar, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and medicines. ~ More than half of coal exports are used to make steel ~ Coal is baked in hot furnaces to make coke which is used to smelt iron to make steel.

31. Can you just burn it ? ~ Doesn’t NEED to be altered. ~ Though to increase the heating value the plant cleans and processes coal to remove dirt, rock, ash, sulfur, and other unwanted materials. ~ To harness the energy from the coal one burns it creating steam which turns turbines in turn creating electricity.

32. COAL Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago.Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago.

33. Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content Increasing heat and carbon content Increasing moisture content Peat (not a coal) Lignite (brown coal) Bituminous (soft coal) Anthracite (hard coal) Heat Pressure Heat Pressure Heat Pressure

34. COAL Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years.Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years. –In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption. World coal reserves: #1. US w/ 27% #2. Russia w/ 17% #3. China w/ 13%

35. COAL Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil and natural gas it is not as versatile, has a high environmental impact, and releases much more CO 2 into the troposphere.

36. COAL Coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas or synfuel) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal. –Costs are high. –Burning them adds more CO 2 to the troposphere than burning coal.

37. Coal Gasification/Syngas Coal gasification is the process of producing coal gas, a type of syngas – a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O)–from coal. * Coal gas, which is a combustible gas, Alternatively, the coal gas can be converted into transportation fuels such as gasoline and diesel through additional treatment via the Fischer-Tropsch process.

38. COAL Since CO 2 is not regulated as an air pollutant and costs are high, U.S. coal-burning plants are unlikely to invest in coal gasification.Since CO 2 is not regulated as an air pollutant and costs are high, U.S. coal-burning plants are unlikely to invest in coal gasification.

39. Fig. 16-13, p. 369 Waste heat Coal bunker Turbine Cooling tower transfers waste heat to atmosphere Generator Cooling loop Stack Pulverizing mill Condenser Filter Boiler Toxic ash disposal

40. “Clean Coal” Watch this CNN report on Clean Coal.

41. Heavy Oils from Oil Sand and Oil Shale: Will Sticky Black Gold Save Us? Heavy and tarlike oils from oil sand and oil shale could supplement conventional oil, but there are environmental problems.Heavy and tarlike oils from oil sand and oil shale could supplement conventional oil, but there are environmental problems. –High sulfur content. –Extracting and processing produces: Toxic sludgeToxic sludge Uses and contaminates larges volumes of waterUses and contaminates larges volumes of water Requires large inputs of natural gas which reduces net energy yield.Requires large inputs of natural gas which reduces net energy yield.

42. Oil Shales Oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen.Oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen.

43. (A Kerogen company)

44. Heavy Oils It takes about 1.8 metric tons of oil sand to produce one barrel of oil.It takes about 1.8 metric tons of oil sand to produce one barrel of oil. Figure 16-10

45. Fig. 16-15, p. 371 Trade-Offs Synthetic Fuels AdvantagesDisadvantages Large potential supply Low to moderate net energy yield Higher cost than coal Vehicle fuel Requires mining 50% more coal High environmental impact Moderate cost (with large government subsidies) Increased surface mining of coal High water use Lower air pollution when burned than coal Higher CO 2 emissions than coal

46. NATURAL GAS Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil.Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. –When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments are unconventional sources of natural gas.Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments are unconventional sources of natural gas.

47. Unit 7 – Energy Production Ch.18 Natural gas: mostly methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Natural Gas Production (m 3 )

48. NATURAL GAS Russia and Iran have almost half of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last 62-125 years.Russia and Iran have almost half of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last 62-125 years. Natural gas is versatile and clean-burning fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (when burned) and methane (from leaks) into the troposphere.Natural gas is versatile and clean-burning fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (when burned) and methane (from leaks) into the troposphere.

49. Fracking Hydraulic fracturing is the propagation of fractures in a rock layer by a pressurized fluid. Some hydraulic fractures form naturally—certain veins or dikes are examples—and can create conduits along which gas and petroleum from source rocks may migrate to reservoir rocks. Induced hydraulic fracturing or hydrofracturing, commonly known as fracing, fraccing, or fracking, is a technique used to release petroleum, natural gas.

50. Fracking Continued Proponents of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from vast amounts of formerly inaccessible hydrocarbons the process can extract. Opponents point to potential environmental impacts, including contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flowback and the health effects of these. For these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under scrutiny internationally, with some countries suspending or banning it

51. Fracking Click here for Fracking News Video Video explains Fracking

52. Fig. 16-11, p. 368 Trade-Offs Conventional Natural Gas AdvantagesDisadvantages Ample supplies (125 years)Nonrenewable resource High net energy yield Releases CO 2 when burned Low cost (with huge subsidies) Methane (a greenhouse gas) can leak from pipelines Lower CO 2 emissions than other fossil fuels Difficult to transfer from one country to another Moderate environmental impact Shipped across ocean as highly explosive LNG Easily transported by pipeline Sometimes burned off and wasted at wells because of low price Low land use Good fuel for fuel cells and gas turbines Requires pipelines Less air pollution than other fossil fuels