1. Human Reproduction 3

2. 2 Contents Infertility Birth Control Reproductive disorders

3. 3 Infertility - Contents Infertility Male Infertility Causes Male Infertility Treatment Female Infertility Causes Female Infertility Treatment In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) Checking the foetus with an ultrasound scanner - slide

4. 4 Infertility (1/2) infertility : the inability to conceive or produce children. Conception depends on : Healthy and plentiful sperm Healthy eggs Healthy endonetrium Clear passage between the ovary and uterus Sufficient hormones produced by both male and female

5. 5 Infertility (2/2) A problem with any of these may cause infertility. 30% due to factors which affect men 30% due to factors which affect women 40% due to factors which affect both partners

6. 6 Male Infertility Causes Inability to produce enough healthy sperm i.e. low sperm count (< 2x10 7 /cm 3 = sterile) and low sperm mobility – alcohol abuse and smoking linked to low sperm count. Insufficient testosterone production

7. 7 Male Infertility Treatment Not much can be done. Change diet and lifestyle. If caused by lack of testosterone drug therapy may be useful. IVF (in vitro fertilisation) can also be used – see later

8. 8 Female Infertility Causes Blocked oviducts. Inability to produce eggs – may be caused by a hormone imbalance.

9. 9 Female Infertility Treatment If blockage is small – surgery may correct it. If blockage is caused by severe damage then IVF is the only solution. Hormone imbalance can be treated with drugs.

10. 10 In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) (1/2) For the treatment of some types of infertility. Involves the removal of an egg from an ovary and fertilising it outside the body. ‘ In vitro ’ = ‘ in glass ’ i.e. the dish in which fertilisation occurs. Woman given hormones to cause the production of several eggs instead of one. Developing follicles monitored by ultrasound. Eggs removed just before ovulation and transferred to petri dish.

11. 11 In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) (2/2) Man ’ s sperm mixed with eggs and placed in an incubator for a few days. Checked for fertilisation and presence of embryos. Several embryos inserted into uterus in the hope of implantation. Normal pregnancy and birth should follow. Successfully done first in England in 1978.

12. 12 Checking the foetus with an ultrasound scanner

13. 13 Birth Control - Contents Birth Control Methods of Contraception Rhythm Method IUD (intra-uterine device) The pill Diaphragm Condom Tubal ligation Vasectomy

14. 14 Birth Control Birth control = Family planning is preventing pregnancy to limit the number of children born to a family. Many methods and most involve contraception = prevent conception. This is achieved in a number of ways Prevent eggs being produced Abstain from intercourse during the fertile period Prevent the sperm reaching the egg Prevent implantation of the fertilised egg in the uterus

15. 15 Methods of Contraception Natural – rhythm method Mechanical - IUD Chemical – the pill Barrier – diaphragm, condom Surgical – tubal ligation, vasectomy

16. 16 Rhythm Method What is it? Finding out the time of ovulation by keeping a record of period dates and body temperature changes. How does it work? Avoid intercourse for five days before and five days after ovulation thus preventing fertilisation of the egg Effectiveness – 70%

17. 17 IUD (intra-uterine device) What is it? A plastic and copper device inserted into the womb How does it work? Prevents a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine wall Effectiveness – 90%

18. 18 Intra-uterine device prevents implantation

19. 19 The pill What is it? Tablets containing synthetic (artificial) female hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) How does it work? Prevents the release of an egg (ovulation) Effectiveness – 99%

20. 20 The pill prevents ovulation

21. 21 Diaphragm What is it? A soft rubber cap with a flexible metal rim that fits over the cervix How does it work? Prevents sperm entering the uterus Effectiveness – 90%

22. 22 Inserting a diaphragm prevents sperm entering the uterus

23. 23 A diaphragm in position

24. 24 Condom What is it? A thin sheath of 'rubber' that is rolled onto the erect penis before intercourse takes place How does it work? Prevents sperm entering the vagina Effectiveness – 85%

25. 25 Condoms prevent sperm entering the vagina and uterus

26. 26

27. 27 How to put on a condom

28. 28 Tubal ligation What is it? A surgical operation where the oviducts are cut and tied. How does it work? Blocks the passage of the eggs from the ovaries to the womb. Effectiveness – 100%

29. 29 Tubal ligation – female sterilisation, prevents egg meeting sperm

30. 30 Vasectomy What is it? A surgical operation where the sperm ducts are cut and tied. How does it work? Prevents the sperm from being released in the semen. Effectiveness – 100%

31. 31 Vasectomy – male sterilisation, prevents sperm leaving the penis

32. Reproductive disorders For information only Not on syllabus

33. 33 Reproductive disorders - Contents Disorders of the uterus Ovarian disorders Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Sexually Transmitted Infections Causes of Infertility Problem pregnancies

34. 34 Disorders of the uterus Fibroids – already dealt with in Human Reproduction 1Fibroids Endometriosis – already dealt with in Human Reproduction 1Endometriosis Prolapse Cancer

35. 35 Prolapsed uterus

36. 36 Cervical cancer

37. 37 Ovarian disorders Ovarian cysts Ovarian cancer

38. 38 Ovarian disorders

39. 39 Ovarian cancer

40. 40 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Testicular disorders - swelling Testicular cancer Enlarged prostate Prostate cancer

41. 41 Testicular disorders

42. 42 Testicular cancer

43. 43 Enlarged prostate

44. 44 Prostate cancer

45. 45 Sexually Transmitted Infections Included here are: Gonorrhoea Genital herpes Pelvic inflammatory disease Non-gonococcal urethritis

46. 46 Gonorrhoea

47. 47 Genital herpes

48. 48 Pelvic inflammatory disease

49. 49 Non-gonococcal urethritis

50. 50 Causes of infertility These include: Blocked oviducts (Fallopian tubes) Antibodies to sperm

51. 51 Blocked oviducts

52. 52 Antibodies to sperm

53. 53 Problem pregnancies Ectopic pregnancies Miscarriage

54. 54 Ectopic pregnancy

55. 55 Miscarriage

56. 56 END