1. Unit 2: The continuation of life
Higher Human Biology
Unit 2: The continuation of life
Chapter 16: Intervention in Fertility!
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

2. What you need to know: The arrangements
Reproduction
Intervention in fertility
Causes of infertility to include failure to ovulate, blockage of uterine tubes, failure of implantation and low sperm counts.
Treatment of infertility to include fertility drugs, in vitro fertilisation and artificial insemination.
The biological basis of contraception by calculation of fertile period and by hormonal methods.
Calculation of fertile periods from data on timing of menstruation, body temperature and cervical mucus should be considered both from the point of view of increasing the chances of pregnancy and as a possible means of Contraception.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

3. Learning Intentions Success Criteria
List the problems associated with infertility in both male and female.
Describe methods used to treat infertility
Understanding the Continuation of Life
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

4. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Medical condition of the reproductive system that results in the inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term
Condition is diagnosed after a couple has had a year of unprotected, regular intercourse without conceiving, or when pregnancy occurs but does not result in a live birth.
33% of infertility causes unknown
Other factors that can contribute to infertility include stress, smoking, alcohol use, excess weight and overall health
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

5. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Infertility in Women
Impaired ovulation due to disease, birth defects, or abnormal hormone production
Blocked oviducts from infection or scar tissue
Inability of the uterus to hold the embryo (this may be due to a variety of reasons, including scar tissue on the walls of the uterus)
Endometriosis
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

6. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Infertility in Men
Low sperm count
High percent of abnormally-shaped sperm
High percent of sperm that are not moving forward
Ejaculation dysfunction
Sperm production can be affected by blocked passageways, fevers, infections, or birth defects.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

7. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Treatments summary
Current types include:
In vitro fertilization (IVF): Eggs and sperm are collected and fertilised in the laboratory before the resulting embryo is transferred to the womb.
Fertility drugs
Artificial insemination: Sperm are inserted into the womb at the time of ovulation using a catheter
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

8. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Treating Infertility In vitro fertilisation - (outside the body in the lab)
Stage 1
Hormonal treatment to stimulate multiple ovulation
Stage 2
Several eggs removed
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

9. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Treating Infertility In vitro fertilisation Con’t - (outside the body in the lab)
Stage 3
Eggs placed in a dish of nutrient medium containing sperm to allow fertilisation to occur OR injecting sperm into egg.
Stage 4
Fertilised eggs incubated in nutrient medium to allow cell division to occur.
Stage 5
Two or three embryos are chosen and inserted into uterus via the vagina
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

10. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Watch this!
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

11. Treating Infertility In vitro fertilisation SUMMARY-
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

12. Treating Infertility: Artificial Insemination (Inside the body)
Insemination is the introduction of semen into the female reproductive tract. It occurs naturally as a result of sexual intercourse.
Artificial insemination
- The insertion of semen by some other means other than sexual intercourse.
Used as a method of treating infertility
If a man has a low sperm count or sperm, samples of his semen can be collected and frozen until required.
They are then defrosted and released into the female’s cervix region during her most fertile period.
Can also be used to insert semen of a donor who has a normal sperm count into a women who’s partner is sterile.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

13. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Worlds first Pregnant man
Thomas Beatie, the transgender man who gets pregnant by artificial insemination.
“Beatie, 34, now has has 3 healthy children -which he has carried in the womb he kept intact when he became a man 10 years ago”
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

14. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Essay Questions: SQA 2007
Give an account of female infertility (10)
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15. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Learning Intentions
Success Criteria
Outline the biological basis of contraception by calculation of the fertile period.
Understanding The Continuation of Life
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

16. Fertile Period – Day 1
Calculation of fertile period based on a 28 day cycle
Day 1
First day of menstrual flow – period starts
Pre-ovulatory infertile phase
FSH phase - stimulates development of egg and production of Oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates repair of uterus.
Cervix closed
Endometrium 1 mm thick
Temperature normal ~36.2°C
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

17. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Fertile Period – Day 14
Day 14 (14 days after first day of menstruation)
Increase of oestrogen causes sudden flood of LH
Increase of LH causes ovulation and development of Corpus Luteum
Cervix open – slippery, stretchy mucus present
Endometrium 6mm thick
Temperature normal ~36.2°C
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

18. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Fertile Period: Day 15-17
Day 15 (15 days after first day of menstruation)
Egg released into oviduct on this day
Cervix open – slippery, stretchy mucus present (allow sperm easy access to female reproductive system)
Egg will only survive 24 hours after being released. Therefore, will not be viable after day 16
Sperm, however, can survive for 72 hours (3 days)
Therefore, fertile days - 13th day, 14th day 15th day 16th day only
Endometrium 6 mm thick
Temperature increase ~36.5°C
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

19. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Fertile Period: Day 18
Day 18 (18 days after first day of menstruation)
Egg has not been fertilised (infertile days)
Dry days, Post-ovulatory days
After ovulation mucus increases in viscosity (thicker) due to increasing levels of progesterone
Endometrium 6 mm thick
Temperature increase ~36.7°C.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

20. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Fertile Period: Day 22
Day 22 (22 days after first day of menstruation)
Lack of LH leads to degeneration of Corpus Luteum
Oestrogen & progesterone levels drop
Endometrium 5.5 mm thick
Temperature increase ~36.8°C
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

21. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Fertile Period: Day 28
Day 28 (28 days after first day of menstruation)
Ovarian hormones very low
Endometrium can no longer be maintained
Menstruation ready to begin
Endometrium 5.5 mm thick
Temperature drops to normal ~36.2°C
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

22. Fertile Period: Day 16 only if egg fertilised
Day 16 (16 days after first day of menstruation)
If egg is fertilised, fertilised egg secretes hormone -
Human Chorionic Gonandotrophin (HCG)
Has same effect as LH
Presence of which is used in pregnancy testing
Maintains Corpus Luteum which continues to secrete progesterone and prevents menstruation
After 6 weeks, placenta starts to secrete progesterone
Cervical mucus becomes viscous due to high levels of progesterone
Pregnancy changes the mucus into a semi-solid plug
This protects the fertilised egg from possible infection
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

23. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Menstrual cycle comparison of hormone levels, follicle production and uterine changes
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24. Menstrual cycle: summary
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25. Menstrual cycle comparison of hormone levels and uterine changes
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

26. Menstrual cycle comparison of hormone levels and body temperature
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27. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Continuous versus cyclical fertility con’t: Implications in calculating fertility!
Male – Continuously Fertile
Negative feedback of testosterone maintains a relatively constant level of gonadotrophic hormones (FSH & ICSH)
Results in a fairly steady quantity of testosterone being produced
Female - Cyclical Fertile
Egg will only survive 24 hours after being released due to hormone levels
Sperm, however, can survive for 72 hours (3 days)
Fertility is restricted to 3 – 4 days immediately following ovulation
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

28. Learning Intentions Success Criteria
Know the biological bases for contraception.
Describe hormonal methods of contraception as an example of this.
Understanding the Continuation of Life
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

29. Methods of Contraception

30. Contraceptive Pill

31. Male Condom

32. Female Condom

33. contraceptive patch

34. Contraceptive Implant

35. IUD

36. diaphragm contraceptive

37. emergency contraception

38. Biological Basis of Contraception
Contraception is the intentional prevention of conception by natural or artificial means.
Artificial Methods:
Oral contraceptive pills
Injections
Implants
Natural Methods:
Temperature
Mucus
Rhythm methods
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

39. Biological Basis of Contraception: Natural Methods:Temperature.
One day after surge of LH temperature increases by 0.5°C
Remains elevated for duration of luteal phase
Fertility lasts 3 – 4 days
By the 3rd day of the higher body temp the egg has disintegrated.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

40. Biological Basis of Contraception: Natural Methods: Mucus.
During fertile period mucus is thin & watery to allow sperm easy access to female reproductive system
After ovulation mucus increases in viscosity – becomes thicker, returning to the infertile period.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

41. Biological Basis of Contraception: Natural Methods: Rhythm method.
Rhythm Methods
Methods of temperature and mucus viscosity are used by couples who want to have a child - they will know when the best time to have sexual intercourse to achieve successful fertilisation.
If a couple do not wish to have children, the rhythm method can also be used as a contraceptive.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

42. Natural Contraception: Summary
Body temperature - body temperature changes through the menstrual cycle under the influence of oestrogen and progesterone. It rises slightly after ovulation.
Cervical mucus - the amount of oestrogen and progesterone alters the quantity, texture and appearance of cervical mucus,
Rhythm method - calculating how long the menstrual cycle lasts
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

43. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Biological Basis of Contraception: Artificial Methods: Oral contraception.
Oral contraceptive pills
Normally contain synthetic progesterone sometimes combined with synthetic oestrogen.
Increases levels of progesterone & oestrogen – exerts negative feedback
Gonadotrophic hormones inhibited
Little or no FSH secreted, follicle maturation inhibited, ovulation fails to occur
Also thickens the mucus in the cervix and makes the lining of the womb thinner.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

44. CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT
Biological Basis of Contraception: Artificial Methods: Injections + Implants
Injections & Implants
Hormonal method of contraception.
Contraceptive implant - slowly releases the progesterone to prevent ovulation. Similar effects to pill
Contraceptive injections - contains progesterone. Similar effects to pill
CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

45. When a woman wants to become pregnant again!
A woman must discontinue the pill.
After lengthy use there may be a period of delay before their bodies readjust and return to a normal fertile state.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

46. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Task: What to do now…..
Complete card sort!
Table 1.5: Biological methods of contraception (from SCHOLAR).
Once completes and correct coppy into your notes or jotter.
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility

47. Task: Torrance-TYK pg119 Qu’s 1-3
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48. Task: Torrance AYK pg120-1 Qu’s 1-5
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49. Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility
Essay Questions: SQA 2001 & 2010
Discuss the biological basis of contraception (10)
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Mrs Smith Ch16 Intervention in fertility