1. Scientific Method 6 Basic Steps 1) State the __________ 1) State the __________ 2) Gather information 2) Gather information 3) Form a _______ (educated guess) 3) Form a _______ (educated guess) 4) Test the hypothesis (________) 4) Test the hypothesis (________) 5) Analyze ______ 5) Analyze ______ 6) Draw ________ 6) Draw ________

2. Variable - quantity that can have more than ________ dependent variable - value changes according to the ________ in the other variables (ex. _________) Variable you ________ to see how it will affect the ______ variable is called the independent variable (ex. Time)

3. Terms Control – standard by which test results are _______ Control – standard by which test results are _______ Constant – factor that ______ change in an experiment Constant – factor that ______ change in an experiment Theory – explanation based on knowledge from many _________ & _________ Theory – explanation based on knowledge from many _________ & _________ _____ – statement about what happens in nature (ex. Gravity) _____ – statement about what happens in nature (ex. Gravity)

4. Graph – visual display of _____ _____ types _____ types –Line –Bar –Circle or pie

5. Line graph Dependent _______ plotted on y axis Dependent _______ plotted on y axis Independent variable _______ on x axis Independent variable _______ on x axis Always _______ your graph Always _______ your graph Label both the x & y ______ Label both the x & y ______ Use a ____ _____ when drawing a graph Use a ____ _____ when drawing a graph Make graph large enough to cover ______ ¾ of the space provided Make graph large enough to cover ______ ¾ of the space provided

6. SI – international system of _____________

7. SI Prefixes Based on multiples of _______ Based on multiples of _______ ______ units ______ units –Gram (__) –______ (l) –Meter (__)

8. Base units Meter – measures ________ Meter – measures ________ Liter – measures ________ Liter – measures ________ Gram – measures _________ Gram – measures _________

9. Density – mass per unit ______ Mass - measurement of the ________ of matter in an object A bowling ball has a ____ of about 5,000g roughly 100 times greater than _____ of a golf ball & 2,000 times greater than a table-tennis ball’s mass

10. Amount of ______ occupied by an object - volume To find volume of a ______ ______ (such as a brick) Measure its length, _______, & height Then multiply the ____ numbers & their units together (V = 1 x w x h) (For a brick) measurements probably would be in centimeters Volume would be ________ in cubic centimeters, cm 3

11. Water Displacement Method – used to find ______ of irregular solid 1) put _____ in graduated cylinder 1) put _____ in graduated cylinder 2) ______ initial amount of water 2) ______ initial amount of water 3) gently add “irregular solid” ex. _____ 3) gently add “irregular solid” ex. _____ 4) Record final ______ level 4) Record final ______ level 5) ______ the water levels to determine volume of the solid 5) ______ the water levels to determine volume of the solid 6) volume will be expressed in _____ (ml) 6) volume will be expressed in _____ (ml)

12. Sample Problems – Volume 1) Each side of a cube is 2.8cm, what is the volume of cube? 1) Each side of a cube is 2.8cm, what is the volume of cube? 2) What is volume of a box that is 18.9cm long, 9.2 cm wide, and 3.1 cm high? 2) What is volume of a box that is 18.9cm long, 9.2 cm wide, and 3.1 cm high? 3) With 12.6ml of water in a graduated cylinder, a rock is added and the water level rises to 18.3ml. What is the volume of the rock? 3) With 12.6ml of water in a graduated cylinder, a rock is added and the water level rises to 18.3ml. What is the volume of the rock?

13. Density = mass/volume 1) What is the density of a box with a mass of 176g and a volume of 3.2cm 3 ? 1) What is the density of a box with a mass of 176g and a volume of 3.2cm 3 ? 2) What is the volume of a liquid with a density of 18.6g/ml and a mass of 96g? 2) What is the volume of a liquid with a density of 18.6g/ml and a mass of 96g? 3) What is the mass of an object that has a density of 12.4g/cm 3 and a volume of 4.31cm 3 ? 3) What is the mass of an object that has a density of 12.4g/cm 3 and a volume of 4.31cm 3 ?

14. Speed & Velocity Frame of ______ – needed to determine _____ of object ex. Sign post Frame of ______ – needed to determine _____ of object ex. Sign post Distance – change in _________ Distance – change in _________ –SI unit – _______ (m) –How far it has moved Speed – distance an object _____ per unit of time Speed – distance an object _____ per unit of time –Speed = distance/_______ –SI ___ – meter/second (m/s) or larger unit (km/h)

16. Speed S=d/t 1) A car traveling at a constant speed covers a distance of 750m in 25s. What is the speed? 1) A car traveling at a constant speed covers a distance of 750m in 25s. What is the speed? 2) A passenger elevator operates at an average speed of 8m/s. If the 60 th floor is 219m above the 1 st floor, how long does it take the elevator to go from the 1 st to 60 th floor? 2) A passenger elevator operates at an average speed of 8m/s. If the 60 th floor is 219m above the 1 st floor, how long does it take the elevator to go from the 1 st to 60 th floor?

17. S = d/t 3) A motorcyclist travels an average speed of 20km/h. If the cyclist is going to a friend’s house 5km away, how long does it take the cyclist to make the trip? 3) A motorcyclist travels an average speed of 20km/h. If the cyclist is going to a friend’s house 5km away, how long does it take the cyclist to make the trip? 4) An ant travels 75cm in 5s. What was the ant’s speed? 4) An ant travels 75cm in 5s. What was the ant’s speed? 5) It took you 6.5h to drive 550km. What was your speed? 5) It took you 6.5h to drive 550km. What was your speed?

18. Average Speed

19. Average speed total distance traveled _____ by the total time of travel total distance traveled was 5 km and the total time was 1/4 h, or 0.25 h. The average speed was _______

20. Instantaneous Speed speed at a given ____ in time Ex. Speedometer speeding up or slowing down – _______ speed is changing _______ speed, the instantaneous speed _______ change

21. Displacement _____ & ______ of an object's change in position from the starting point length of the runner's displacement & the distance traveled would be the _____ if the runner's motion was in a single direction

22. Motion ______ of an object over a period of time can be shown on a distance-time graph Time – plotted on ________ axis Distance traveled – plotted on vertical ___

23. Graphing Motion

24. Velocity = distance/____ speed of an object & the _____ of its motion velocity of an object ___ ____ even if the speed of the object remains constant SI unit – ______ Change in speed = change in _____ as long as direction remains the _____

25. ___________ Rate of change in _______ Rate of change in _______ Occurs when object changes ______, direction, or BOTH Occurs when object changes ______, direction, or BOTH _______ acceleration – speed increasing _______ acceleration – speed increasing Negative acceleration – speed _________ Negative acceleration – speed _________

26. Positive Acceleration acceleration is in the same ______ as the velocity – speed increases

27. Negative Acceleration speed _______ – the acceleration is in the ______ direction from the velocity

28. Changing Direction speed of the horses in this carousel is _____, but the horses are accelerating because their direction is _______ constantly

29. Calculating Acceleration

30. Calculating Velocity

31. Sample Problems 1) A jet starts at rest and at the end of runway it has reached a speed of 80m/s in 20s. 1) A jet starts at rest and at the end of runway it has reached a speed of 80m/s in 20s. 2) Skateboarder moving in a straight line at a constant speed of 3m/s and comes to stop in 2s. 2) Skateboarder moving in a straight line at a constant speed of 3m/s and comes to stop in 2s.

32. _____ – push or ____ Sometimes ______ forces are obvious but not always can cause the ______ of an object to change force of moving ball causes ball at rest to move in the _______ of the force

33. Forces ___ force – 2 or more forces acting on a object @ same ____ ___ force – 2 or more forces acting on a object @ same ____ zero because the ___ forces cancel each other Forces ____ in size & _______ in direction – balanced forces

34. ________ forces 2 students pushing with ________ forces in opposite directions – net force occurs in the direction of the _______ force net force – will be the __________ between the two forces because they are in opposite ________

35. Unbalanced forces forces are combined (______ together) because they are exerted on the box in the _______ direction net force that acts on this box – found by _______ the two forces together

36. Inertia – tendency of an object to _______ any change in its motion If object is _______, it will have uniform motion It will keep moving at the same _____ & in same ________ unless acted on by an unbalanced force velocity of the object remains _______ unless a force changes it object at ______ remains at rest

37. Inertia inertia of an object is related to its mass – greater the ____ of object the greater its inertia Sir Isaac ______ – stated rules that describe the effects of forces on the _______ of objects – known as Newton's law's of motion

38. Newton’s ______ Law of Motion Also called the law of _______ states that an object moving at a constant velocity keeps moving at that _______ unless acted on by an unbalanced net force object at rest stays at ____ unless acted on by an unbalanced net force

39. law of inertia – explains what happens in a car crash A car traveling about 50 km/h collides head-on with something solid, the car crumples, slows down, and stops in about 0.1 s

40. law of inertia – explains what happens in a car crash Any passenger not wearing a safety belt continues to move _______ at the same speed the car was traveling Within about 0.02 s after the car stops, unbelted passengers slam into the dashboard, steering wheel, windshield, or the backs of the front seats

41. law of inertia – explains what happens in a car crash force needed to slow a person from 50 km/h to zero in 0.1 s is equal to 14 times the force that gravity exerts on the person belt loosens a little as it restrains the person, increasing the time it takes to slow the person down this reduces force exerted on the person safety belt also prevents the person from being thrown out of the car