1. Genetics Review Shopping

2. BbYy x bbYy BbYYBbYybbYYbbYy BbYyBbyybbYybbyy BbYYBbYybbYYbbYy BbYyBbyybbYybbyy BYBy bY by bY by bY by 6BbYY:2BbYY:2bbYY:2Bbyy:2bbyy:2bbYy 8brown, two:4white, three: 2 brown, three:2 white two

3. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction Uniform OffspringAsexual Diverse OffspringSexual Single ParentAsexual More than one parentSexual StarfishBoth Regular fish (the kind that swim) Sexual Amoeba (single-celled organism) Asexual CowsSexual

4. Chemical Combo’s! Adenine always combines with thymine Thymine always combines with adenine Guanine always combines with cytosine Cytosine always combines with guanine

5. Chromosomes Each of our body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. And, so, logically it follows that each of our body cells contains 46 chromosomes. (MATH!? In Science? I know… it’s simply madness…) So, how many chromosomes are in any sperm or egg cell??? 23!!!

6. Karyotypes are KOOL A Karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism. Karyotypes describe the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a microscope.

7. What about Heredity? The scientific study of Heredity is called Genetics. So, when traits pass from parents to children, we call that Heredity. The "Father of genetics" is Gregor Mendel o He used pea plants to perform his research We know that TRAITS are controlled by genes located in the DNA.

8. Genes that Determine Sex/Gender An X-Shaped structure is called a CHROMOSOME Genes within your body code for a specific TRAIT The 23 rd pair of chromosomes in your body determine your sex/gender.

9. Genes that Determine Sex/Gender If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is an XX, the gender is FEMALE If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is an Xx, the gender is MALE We call the smaller x the Y Chromosome (even though it doesn’t look like a Y) The number of chromosomal pairs that a species has does NOT correlate with specific levels of intelligence or size with the organism.

10. ALLELES are just different forms of a gene Because of this, every person inherits one ALLELE from the mother and one ALLELE for that same trait from the father. We call strong alleles the DOMINANT allele Weaker alleles are called the RECESSIVE allele

11. Recessive alleles are HIDDEN, but may be passed down from parents to their offspring A recessive allele can ONLY show up if another RECESSIVE ALLELE is also present. We need TWO (2) recessive alleles to see them show up.

12. Genotype vs. Phenotype rr = Genotype Red Hair = Phenotype Rolling Tongue = Phenotype Tt = Genotype

13. SpongeBob SquarePants recently met SpongeSusie Roundpants at a dance. SpongeBob is homozygous dominant for two big front teeth, but SpongeSusie has small front teeth. Create a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if SpongeBob and SpongeSusie had children. HINT: Large teeth are dominant. Possible Genotypes for their Children: Ll Possible Phenotypes for their Children: Large Front Teeth Their children have a 4 out of 4 or 100% chance to have large front teeth. The children have a 0 out of 4 or 0% chance to have SMALL front teeth. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- !*Remember*!--> A Hybrid is an organism with a dominant AND a recessive allele The letters inside a Punnet square represent GENOTYPES