1. Advanced Weight & Balance

2. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Why Does Weight Matter?
Aircraft are NOT minivans
You can’t load everything you want into them and go off and fly
PIC must make decision – Fuel or Load?
Overweight Aircraft:
Longer Takeoff
Higher Takeoff Speed
Reduced Rate of Climb and Angle of Climb
Shorter Range
Reduce Cruising Speed
Higher Stall Speed
Longer Landing Distance
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

3. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Overweight Dangers
May affect performance (last slide)
Undue stress on the aircraft structure upon landing/taxi
Exclusive testing is done at the Max Ramp and MGTOW
Section 2 of the POH – Limitations
Changed only by Airworthiness Directive
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

4. Why Does Balance Matter?
Not a matter of how much weight there is, but where it is placed
Center of Gravity Limits
Datum Reference Point
Center of Pressure and Center of Gravity
Boldmethod
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

5. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
C.G. Forward of Limits
Benefits
Increases Stability
Easy Stall Recovery
Disadvantages:
Increase in stall speed
Increase in drag
On landing, harder to roundout
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

6. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
C.G. Aft of Limits
Benefits
Decrease Stall Speed
Disadvantages:
More unstable
Harder to recover from stall
Less Drag – Higher Airspeed
Tail Heavy
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

7. Utility vs. Normal Category
Category has to do with the G loading of an aircraft
Utility
4.4 Magnum
No inverted approved
Normal
3.8 Special
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

8. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Categories Use
Utility
Limited Aerobatics
Normal
Use the plane for its original purpose (no extreme maneuvers)
Transport Category
No excessive maneuvers
Aerobatic Category
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

9. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Terms (POH 1.7 and 1.8)
Basic Empty Weight
Engine oil and unusable fuel and empty airplane
Unusable Fuel
Fuel that can’t be removed from the system
Payload
Weight of occupants, cargo and baggage
Useful Load
Takeoff Weight - BEW
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

10. The Weight and Balance Document
Part of ARROWE
Updated by Mechanic
For light pistons only once forever unless changed
If changed:
New Weight and Balance to be completed
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

11. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
The Weight Formula
WAM
Weight X Arm = Moment
Basic Algebra says:
Moment / Weight = Arm
Think of Children on a Seesaw
How much weight is applied?
How far from the fulcrum is their weight applied?
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

12. Calculating Position and C.G.
Shifting Weight to Move C.G.
Move the larger child towards the datum
Computation Table or Graph
The Envelope
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

13. The Weight Shift Formula
MEMORIZE THIS FORMULA:
Weight Moved
Distance C.G. Moved =
Total Weight of System
Distance between C.G. Arms
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

14. The Flight Computer

15. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
The Two Sides
Computer Side
Wind Side
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

16. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Computer Side
Time, Speed, Distance
Fuel Consumption
Estimate vs. Actual
Airspeed and Density Altitude
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

17. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
Wind Side
Favorable Winds
Conversions
Dead Reckoning formula
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

18. © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.
References
Jeppesen Private Pilot Guided Flight Manual
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Piper Archer II POH
Since the beginning of time, humans have always been fascinated with birds. We have always wanted to fly, but could never understand the relationship between lift and weight. As early as the 1500s, Leonardo Da Vinci began making sketches of wings. However, these sketches were flawed due to their birdlike nature.
© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.