1. Paper

2. Requirements 5 pages (+/- half a page); use Times 12-point font; double spaced (23 lines); indent paragraphs with a tab; 1 inch margins (top, bottom, right, left) Title page: name, ID, title References –At least 5 sources, 3 of which are peer reviewed articles –Using APA citation style –First page or title page of each source Staple! No clips, binders, folders, etc. Penalties

3. Peer Reviewed Articles From academic journals Means the article has been reviewed by other academics (peers) and judged worthy of being published Quality control Book reviews in journals are not peer reviewed articles

4. Finding Sources Library databases –PsycInfo –Web of Science Books, magazines, websites, newspapers, the textbook, etc. Always critically evaluate any source you make use of

5. APA Citation Style Embedded citations –In the text give author(s) and year –E.g., “Henderson (1985) revolutionized the study of primate psychology.” –E.g., “Rats can be easily shaped to run in a wheel (Skinner 1953) Do not use footnotes, endnotes, numbered citations, etc.

6. When to Cite Any time you take an idea, a fact, a piece of information from some source, you must reference (i.e., “cite”) where you got it from

7. Direct Quotations Should be kept to a minimum; whenever possible, paraphrase Provide standard embedded citation after a direct quotation, but also include the page number(s) Only provide page numbers for direct quotations E.g., With respect to our ancestry, “Humans are the third chimpanzee” (Diamond, 1998, p. 16).

8. Reference List List sources alphabetically by the last name of the first (or only) author of a source Do not list by the order in which the sources appear in the text Must reference every source used (articles, books, websites, television programs, personal communications, etc.)

9. APA Formatting in Reference List Journal article –Author(s), year, title of article, title of journal, pages. Book –Author(s), year, title of book, place published, publisher.

10. Journal Articles Pagel, M. (1997). Desperately concealing father: A theory of parent-infant resemblance. Animal Behaviour, 53, 973-981. Low, B. S., & Clarke, A. L. (1991). Resources and life course: Patterns in the demographic translation. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 463-494. Kuester, J., Paul, A., & Arnemann, J. (1994). Kinship, familiarity and mating avoidance in Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Animal Behaviour, 48, 1183-94.

11. Hard Copy vs. On-line Articles For journal articles, effectively they are the same thing now PDF files of articles acquired on-line can, for our purposes, be treated exactly as traditional “hard copy” articles Websites are different, though –When possible, include: author’s name, date of publication, title or description of document, date that you retrieved information, URL of the website

12. Books Plotkin, H. (1998). Evolution in Mind. London: Penguin. Barrett, L., Dunbar, R., & Lycett, J. (2002). Human Evolutionary Psychology. Great Britain: Palgrave. Sabean, D. (1976). Aspects of kinship behaviour and property in rural Western Europe before 1800. In J. Goody, J. Thirsk, & E. P. Thomson (Eds.), Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe 1200-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

13. As Cited By Only include sources in your reference list that you have actually read! “Gorillas have a remarkably poor ability to hold their alcohol, despite an opposable thumb. Henderson & Stephenson (1947, as cited by Trumann, 1989) are the last known researchers to attempt to study gorillas' ability to operate within a cocktail party setting. The results were, needless to say, disastrous, and neither researcher survived the experience.” Only Trumann (1989) would appear in the references

14. et al. Only used for sources with three or more authors –First author’s surname and et al. Only used after full embedded citation already given once (unless 6+ authors, in which case you can use first author’s surname and et al. first time) E.g., Hyatt, Jenkins, & Mulder (1999) after being cited once can be abbreviated subsequently as, Hyatt et al. (1999) Give all authors in reference list

15. Personal Communication Letters, e-mails, personal conversations Give initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible in text –E.g., In a séance, C. Darwin (personal communication, 31 October 2009) claimed… Because personal communications are non- recoverable, they do not appear in the reference list

16. Writing Your Paper Remember, you only have five pages You probably can’t cover everything (most of the paper topics could be turned into much longer papers or books…) Identify the most important points or choose specific theories/ideas/positions to evaluate Better to be more focused than too general

17. Short Papers Very challenging to write Very limited space, so must pick words very carefully Requires careful editing Write a draft copy; revise it into a second draft; revise it again; repeat

18. The Use of the Introduction Tells what your paper is about Give “big picture” statement Then specify what exactly your paper is going to address The thesis statement E.g., there could be 8 theories on a topic, but you’re only going to compare 2 in your paper; let the reader know this in the introduction

19. Body of the Paper Where you discuss and logically develop your topic Make sure that ideas sequence orderly both within and between paragraphs –Make sure to “bridge” ideas between paragraphs; make one idea flow easily into the next Unless the particulars are really important, generally you don’t need to go into great detail about the methods of experimental designs Extract from research articles the “take-home message” and bring this into your discussion

20. Conclusion The “wrap-up” Draw any conclusions Is one theory supported better than another? Any speculations on your part? Possibilities for research ideas? Future studies? Applications?

21. Editing and Proofreading Extremely important! Make sure your grammar and syntax are correct Use your spellchecker, but don’t rely on it exclusively Does each sentence mean what you want it to? Can you improve things? Make sure your pages are actually in order!

22. Some Common Errors It’s = it is; Its = possessive case Make sure numeric (singular/plural) and time sense agree within and between sentences Difference between “then” and “than” E.g. = “for example”; I.e., = “that is”