1. ORIGINS- BEGINNINGS PAGE 6 ANSWER KEY

2. Where do many Canadian History sources tend to think that our nation’s history began? European exploration 500-600 years ago. a) Which two countries/people do those sources tend to emphasize? French and English b) is this an accurate account of Canada’s history? NO, it is failing to discuss/account for the pre- historic history.

3. 2) Where should ALL Canadian history sources actually begin? Pre-European exploration a) describe the inter-relationship belief shared by many First Nations people/ The telling of the creation story b) how does the belief of origin differ between western scientists and many First Nations people? FN’s – Creation stories- Oral History- have always been here (Indigenous) Euro. Scientists- came from somewhere else/migration

4. 3) Describe some of the scientific evidence uncovered near Old Crow River, Yukon. Animal bones a)25,000-40,000 years old b) caribou, great bison, woolly mammoth

5. 4) what does carbon dating mean? Quantity of radioactive carbon 14 is measured a) what is its primary use? Dating organic material up to 50,000 years old

6. 5) What was the “Ginsberg” experiment? Comparing bones of elephants and the woolly mammoth… The results of experiments of elephant butchering, bone fracturing, and bone tool manufacturing support the hypothesis that these modified bones can be used to identify the presence of cultural activities in Old Crow, YK.

7. 6) Describe Father Jose D’Acosta’s origin theory from 1590. The land bridge theory/Beringia as there were same animals in both locations (due to migration…) a) where did he think people were able to travel? Between Asia (Siberia) and North America (Alaska  Yukon….) b) How wide of a stretch is the Bering Strait? 80 km’s wide

8. 7) When was the Beringia land bridge thought to have existed? 25,000 years ago, 1,600 miles wide (1000 km’s) a) Why was it able to exist at this time? Ice age  most moisture locked up in vast ice sheets, thus lowering ocean levels revealing the land bridge.

9. 8) What type of people were suspected to have come onto the new continent? Nomads- game hunters- following animals a) How did this lead to their existence in North America? Asian hunters were stranded in Alaska- Yukon region due to the melting/receeding of the glaciers, rising ocean levels.