1. Foundation year BIOLOGY-BIOL (101) Exploring Life & Science Dr. Huda Kassem

2. Points to think 1.What is biology? 2.What characterizes life? 3.How do we classify life? 4.Where do humans fit into the big picture? 5.How do we study science? 6.Where is scientific information published and what should you be aware of?

3. What is biology? Biology defined as : study of living things.

4. 1.1 The characteristics of life How are living things organized? Atoms Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Individual Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

5. What characteristics are shared by living organisms? Organized from the atom to the biosphere. Use materials and energy from the environment. Reproduction. Growth and development. Maintain a relatively constant internal environment (Homeostasis) = Equilibrium. Respond to internal and external stimuli (update) 1.1 The characteristics of life

7. How are living organisms classified? 1.2 Humans are related to other animals Kingdom Protista (protists) Kingdom Fungi (fungi) mosstreefern mushroombracket fungusyeast parameciumslime molddinoflagellateeuglenoid a. Domains of life Domain Eukarya (Have membrane-bounded nucleus) Kingdom Animalia (animals) Kingdom Plantae (plants) nonwoody flowering plant sea starearthwormbirdraccoon black bread mold Domain Archaea and Bacteria (Lack membrane-bounded nucleus) archaea and bacteria b. Vertebrate evolution brain spinal cord lung liver kidney heart stomach intestine birds amphibians sharks bony fishes reptiles mammals

8. How do we classify humans? HumanHouse cat DomainEukaryaEukarya KingdomAnimaliaAnimalia PhylumChordataChordata ClassMammaliaMammalia OrderPrimatesCarnivora FamilyHominidae Felidae GenusHomo Felis Speciessapiensdomesticus 1.2 Humans are related to other animals

9. What distinguishes humans? 1.Cultural patterns of our behavior passed from one generation to the next. 2.Highly developed brains. 3.Completely upright stance. 4.Creative language skills. 5.Varied tool use. 6.Modification of our environment for our own purpose which may threaten the biosphere. 1.2 Humans are related to other animals

10. What do we know about science?  Science is a way of knowing about the natural world.  Science and scientists should be objective.  Scientific conclusions may change or be modified as our understanding and technology increase.  Science is studied using the scientific method. 1.3 Science is a process

11. Scientific Theories in Biology 1.3 Science is a process

12. The steps of the scientific method 1.3 Science is a process Observation Hypothesis Conclusion Scientific Theory Experiment/Observations New observations are made, and previous data are studied. Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement. The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. Many experiments and observations support a Theory.

13. How the cause of ulcers was discovered: 1.3 Science is a process 1.Observations: many patients had a particular bacterium near their ulcers. 2.Hypothesis: Helicobacter pylori is the cause of gastritis and ulcers. 3. Experiment / Observations : 1 st – H. pylori was isolated and grown from ulcer patients. 2 nd – humans swallowing a H. pylori solution resulted in inflammation in their stomachs. 4. Conclusion: H. pylori was the cause of most ulcers and can be cured by antibiotics.

14. A controlled study Variables: Experimental variable is the variable that is purposely changed or manipulated. All other variables need to remain constant. Groups: A.Test group is a group of subjects that are exposed to the experimental variable. B.Control group is a group for comparison that is not exposed to the experimental variable. 1.3 Science is a process

15. A controlled study in action Large number of subjects were selected a. b. c. d. Collect Data: Perform Experiment: Subjects were divided into three groups 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 60 80 Effectiveness of Treatment (%) State Hypothesis: Antibiotic B is a better treatment for ulcers than antibiotic A Groups were treated the same except as noted Control group: Received placebo Test group 1: received antibiotic A Test group 2: received antibiotic B Each subject was examined for the presence of ulcers Control Group Test Group 1 Test Group 2 Conclusion: Hypothesis is supported: Antibiotic B is a better treatment for ulcers than antibiotic A

16. Reading about scientific information  Scientific journals are considered the best source of information but can be difficult for the lay person to understand.  Often the lay person reads secondary sources and must be wary of information taken out of context.  Be careful of information on the Internet by using reliable sources such as Uniform resource locators (URLs) with.edu, gov and.org. 1.3 Science is a process

17. Sample of questions 1.Define biology? 2.Choose the correct answer :- 3.An individual that consists of organ systems is known as a/an ___________. A. community B. population C. organism 4.What characteristics are shared by living organisms? 5.Maintain a relatively constant internal environment called reproduction ( ) 6.What distinguishes humans? 7.What do we know about science? 8.In organisms, ______ are responsible for forms, function and behavior. A. Tissues B. Cells C. Genes

18. Sample of questions List The steps of the scientific method? Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement means. A.Observation b. Hypothesis c.Conclusion H. pylori was the cause of most ulcers and can be cured by antibiotics. A. Conclusion b. Observations c. Test group