2. Geosynchronous Orbit A satellite in geosynchronous orbit circles the earth once each day. The time it takes for a satellite to orbit the earth is called its period. To stay over the same spot on earth, a geostationary satellite also has to be directly above the equator. Otherwise, from the earth the satellite would appear to move in a north-south line every day.

3. Sun-Synchronous Orbit Because the valid comparison of images of a given location acquired on different dates depends on the similarity of the illumination conditions, the orbital plane must also form a constant angle relative to the sun direction. This is achieved by ensuring that the satellite overflies any given point at the same local time, which in turn requires that the orbit be sun- synchronous The satellite crossed the equator at approximately the same local sun time (9:42) every day

4. Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum Landsat SPOT Meteorological Satellites –NOAA satellites –GOES satellites Ocean Monitoring Satellites –Radar Satellites –Seasat –ERS-1 –JERS-1 –Radarsat

5. Landsat-7 This program is jointly managed by NASA and USGS (http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/announcements/program_u pdate.html) Launched on April 15, 1999 (http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/main/project.html) A new sensor : Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) Same swath as ETM, similar orbits and characteristics Swath: The area imaged on the surface.

6. ETM+ Resolution –Bands1-5, 7: 30 meters –Band 6 (Thermal band): 60 meters –Band 8 (Panchromatic band): 15 meters Complete global view four times a year

7. ETM+ Ground transmission of data either directly or stored onboard for later transmission GPS is included for subsequent geometric processing of the data Primary receiving station: EROS Dara Center, SD

8. ETM+ Spectral Bands

9. Landsat 7 +ETM Spectral Bands

10. Landsat Resources Data acquisition (http://landsat.usgs.gov/pathrows.phphttp://landsat.usgs.gov/pathrows.php

11. Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 8 8-bit bands: bands 1-7 are the same as TM; additional panchromatic band 8, 0.52- 0.90 μm IFOV 30 x 30m (bands 1-5 and 7), 60 x 60m (band 6), 15 x 15m (band 8); swath width 185 km. Images the earth once every 16 days; 1999 to present

12. EOS Terra ASTER –The ASTER is a cooperative effort between NASA and Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry –Primary applications include study vegetation, rock types, volcanoes, clouds, and produce DEM’s – 6 SWIR bands: band 6 centered at the clay absorption feature and band 8 at the carbonate absorption feature – 5 TIR bands: bands 10, 11, and 12 at sulfate and silica absorption features

13. ASTER Characteristics Wide Spectral Coverage 3 bands in VNIR (0.52 – 0.86 μm) 6 bands in SWIR (1.6 – 2.43 μm) 5 bands in TIR (8.125 – 11.65 μm) High Spatial Resolution 15m for VNIR bands 30m for SWIR bands 90m for TIR bands Quantization (bits) 8 for VNIR AND SWIR 12 for TIR Swath width 60 km Images are not acquired based on researcher scheduling 1999 to present

14. ASTER consists of 3 subsystems: VNIR, SWIR and TIR

15. ASTER TM Repeat Orbit: 16 d16 d Scene60 km185km Bands: Pan01 15m VIS2 15m3 30m NIR1 30m1 30m SWIR 6 30m 2 30m TIR5 90m1 90m

16. ASTER Images of San Francisco Bay False Color Image (VNIR) Sediment Load (VNIR) Water Temperature (TIR)

20. IKONOS Launched on 24 September 1999 Commercial remote sensing system operated by Space Imaging Inc. of Denver, Colorado, USA

21. IKONOS Orbit Type: Sun-Synchronous Altitude: 681 Km Inclination: 98.1 degree Period: 98 minute Off-Nadir Revisit: 2.9 days at 1-m resolution, 1.5 days at 1.5 m at 40°

22. IKONOS (cont.) Ground resolution: 1-m panchromatic; 4-m multispectral Imagery Spectral Response –Panchromatic: 0.45-0.90  m –Multispectral: 0.45-0.52; 0.52-0.60; 0.63-0.69; 0.76-0.90  m Nominal swath width: 13 km at nadir Areas of interest (Single scene ) : 13x13 km The IKONIS satellite is equipped with onboard GPS, enabling it to acquire imagery with very high positional accuracy Radiometric digitization: 11 bits

23. Sensor Characteristics (IKONOS) Spectral band Wavelength (  m( Resolution (m) 1 (blue)0.40-0.524 2 (green)0.52-0.604 3 (red)0.63-0.694 4 (NIR)0.76-0.904 Panchromatic0.45-0.901

24. IKONOS Colour Image Beijing City 22/10/1999

25. IKONOS Colour Image Sydney Olympic Park 2000

26. IKONOS Colour Image

27. IKONOS Images Manhattan: before (left) and after (right) 11 September 2001 attack

28. IKONOS Images The Pentagon: before (left) and after (right) 11 September 2001 attack

29. QuickBird Commercial remote sensing system developed and operated by Digital Globe QuickBird 1 was launched on 20 Nov, 2000, but failed to reach orbit QuickBird 2 was Launched on 18 October 2001

30. Quickbird-2 orbit Type: Sun-Synchronous Altitude: 450 Km Inclination: 98 degree Period: 93.4 minute Off-Nadir Revisit: 1 to 3.5 days

31. QuickBird Features Panchromatic and multispectral images High spatial resolution: up to 61 cm panchromatic images; 2.44 m multispectral images at nadir Buildings, cars, and even large individual trees can be recognized using QuickBird Nominal swath width: 16.5 km at nadir Radiometric response: 11bits (2048 grey levels)

32. Sensor Characteristics (Quickbird) Spectral bandWavelength (  m) Resolution (at nadir) Resolution (at 30 deg. off nadir) 1 (blue)0.45-0.522.5 m2.9 m 2 (green)0.52-0.602.5 m2.9 m 3 (red)0.63-0.692.5 m2.9 m 4 (NIR)0.76-0.892.5 m2.9 m Panchromatic0.45-0.900.61 m0.73 m

33. QuickBird Panchromatic Image QuickBird Panchromatic image with 61 cm resolution, taken over Fairfax, Virginia, USA.

34. QuickBird Colour Image QuickBird natural colour image with 2.44 m resolution, taken over Fairfax, Virginia, USA

35. Quickbird

36. Hyperion The Hyperion is a high resolution hyperspectral imaging instrument The Hyperion images the earth's surface in 220 contiguous spectral bands with high radiometric accuracy, covering the region from 400 nm to 2.5 µm, at a ground resolution of 30 m

37. Hyperion Sensor Characteristics Spatial Resolution: 30 m Swath Width: 7.75 km Spectral Channels 220 unique channels. VNIR (70 channels, 356 nm - 1058 nm), SWIR (172 channels, 852 nm - 2577 nm) Spectral Bandwidth 10 nm (nominal) Digitization 12 bits Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 161 (550 nm); 147 (700 nm); 110 (1125 nm); 40 (2125 nm) Primary uses: General earth materials mapping geology, mining, forestry, agriculture, and environmental management

38. Land Observing Sensors and their Features Weather, Global Coverage Satellites Sensor NamePixelSwathNo. SpectralSpectralTemporal ResolutionWidth, kmBandsCoverageRepeat, days AVHRR1.1km27005VNIR, TIR4*day SPOT Vegetation1.15km22504VNIR, SWIR26 MODIS0.25,0.5,1km233036VNIR, SWIR, TIR2* day Regional Satellites SensormkmbandsSpectralRepeat ASTER15, 30, 906016VNIR, SWIR, TIR16 Landsat ETM+30, 60, 151858Pan + TM16 SPOT HRV10, 20604Pan, VNIR26 SPOT HRVIR10, 20605SWIR + HRV26 Local Coverage Satellites SensormkmbandsSpectralRepeat Quickbird0.61 Pan, 2.4416.55Pan, VNIR2 to 11 IKONOS1.0 Pan, 411.35Pan, VNIR3

39. Medium and coarse resolution sensors SensorPixel Size, m ‘blue’ nm ‘green’ nm ‘red’ nm ‘NIR’ nm ‘SWIR’  m ‘Thermal’  m SPOT- VEGETATION Swath 2250 km 1150430-470610-680780-8901.58-1.75 NOAA- AVHRR Swath 2700 km 1100570-700710-9803.5-3.93 10.3-11.3 11.5-12.5 MODIS (Terra, Aqua) Swath 2330 km 250 500 1000 459-479 405-420 438-448 483-493 545-565 526-536 546-556 620-670 662-672 673-683 841-876 743-753 862-877 890-920 915-965 931-941 1.23-1.25 1.628-1.652 2.105-2.155 1.360-1.3903.66-3.84 3.929-3.989 4.02-4.08 4.433-4.498 4.482-4.549 6.535-6.895 7.175-7.475 8.400-8.700 9.580-9.880 10.78-11.28 11.77-12.27 13.185-13.485 13.485-13.785 13.785-14.085 14.085-14.385

40. Medium and coarse resolution sensors Ikonos Swath 13 km 4 1 (pan) 450-520520-600630-690760-900 QuickBird Swath 16.5 km 2.44 0.61 (pan) 450-520520-600630-690760-900 SensorPixel Size, m ‘blue’ nm ‘green’ nm ‘red’ nm ‘NIR’ nm ‘SWIR’  m ‘Thermal’  m